{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:31:15Z","timestamp":1792186275979,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TF-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TF-2020-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is extremely low in most people with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and its measurement is an important contributor to making the diagnosis. Existing guidelines and technical standards focus on nNO measurements in older, cooperative children using chemiluminescence analysers. However, measurements of nNO in pre-school-age children (age 2\u20135\u2005years) may facilitate early diagnosis and electrochemical rather than chemiluminescence analysers are widely used. Pre-schoolers often need different methods to be employed when measuring nNO. Hence, a European Respiratory Society Task Force has developed this technical standard as the first step towards standardising sampling, analysis and reporting of nNO measured as part of the diagnostic testing for PCD in all age groups, including pre-school-age children. Furthermore, we considered both chemiluminescence and electrochemical analysers that are in use worldwide. There was a paucity of quality evidence for electrochemical analysers and sampling methods used in young children, and the Task Force proposes future research priorities to allow updates of this technical standard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02031-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T11:10:15Z","timestamp":1677150615000},"page":"2202031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Nasal nitric oxide measurement in children for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia: European Respiratory Society technical standard"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6417-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Beydon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Kouis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June K.","family":"Marthin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Latzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Colas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Haarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Lea","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Kilbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-2002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia E.","family":"Kuehni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Marangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim G.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1989-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Pendergrast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phil","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen","family":"Rumman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woolf T.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ferkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane S.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00453-7","article-title":"The global prevalence and ethnic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia gene variants: a genetic database analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hannah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30374-1","article-title":"Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the genomics age","volume":"8","author":"Lucas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0209-6","article-title":"Motile ciliopathies","volume":"6","author":"Wallmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212104"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00314-2017"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01090-2016"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201805-0819ST"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07081501"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00088614"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00176111"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201305-110OC"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23167","article-title":"Technical and practical issues for tidal breathing measurements of nasal nitric oxide in children","volume":"50","author":"Beydon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00616.x","article-title":"A methodology for measurements of nasal nitric oxide in children under 5\u2005yr","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02503-2017"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25702","article-title":"Feasibility of nasal NO screening in healthy newborns","volume":"57","author":"Buechel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.07.010","article-title":"Establishing normative nasal nitric oxide values in infants","volume":"109","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.67","article-title":"Hand-held nitric oxide sensor NIOX MINO for the monitoring of respiratory disorders","volume":"4","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/7\/1\/017104"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-710ST"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00708-2021"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-18"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057262"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0058-2016"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181035"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.25","first-page":"61","article-title":"Aspiration flow optimized for nasal nitric oxide measurement","volume":"37","author":"Qian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0059-1"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201904-347OT","article-title":"Nasal nitric oxide measurement in primary ciliary dyskinesia: a technical paper on standardized testing protocols","volume":"17","author":"Shapiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.02.019"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00602-2021"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00015205"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00854.x"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065899781389803"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036008","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa76ef","article-title":"Normal values of offline exhaled and nasal nitric oxide in healthy children and teens using chemiluminescence","volume":"11","author":"Menou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01551-2015"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-748OC"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-208056"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.09.007","article-title":"Adenoid hypertrophy affects screening for primary ciliary dyskinesia using nasal nitric oxide","volume":"115","author":"Rybnikar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-365OC"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.4.319"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00613-8","article-title":"Nasal nitric oxide in primary immunodeficiency and primary ciliary dyskinesia: helping to distinguish between clinically similar diseases","volume":"39","author":"Zysman-Colman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.2003051"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00032610"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.03.007"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02064.x"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.00989.x"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00028-2022"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00000504"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.11.013"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23780","article-title":"A comparison of nasal nitric oxide measurement modes","volume":"52","author":"Deschamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25432","article-title":"Breath-holding and tidal breathing nasal NO to screen children for primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"56","author":"Beydon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12254"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940010901009","article-title":"Unilateral nasal nitric oxide measurement after nasal surgery","volume":"109","author":"Qian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-019-00202-x","article-title":"Proof of concept: very rapid tidal breathing nasal nitric oxide sampling discriminates primary ciliary dyskinesia from healthy subjects","volume":"197","author":"Holgersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.54","first-page":"CR80","article-title":"Nasal nitric oxide assessment in primary ciliary dyskinesia using aspiration, exhalation, and humming","volume":"14","author":"Santamaria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202110-1175OC","article-title":"High nasal nitric oxide, cilia analyses and genotypes in a retrospective cohort of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"19","author":"Legendre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202106-728OC","article-title":"Limitations of nasal nitric oxide measurement for diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia with normal ultrastructure","volume":"19","author":"Raidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.7.586"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00044310"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2472"},{"key":"2026061109155314000_61.4.2202031.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12160","article-title":"The value of nasal nitric oxide measurement in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Investig"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02031-2022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:16:02Z","timestamp":1781194562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02031-2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.02031-2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02031-2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]}}}