{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:11:13Z","timestamp":1790813473180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Emerging evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to childhood asthma development. We estimated the burden of incident childhood asthma that may be attributable to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), particulate matter \u22642.5\u2005\u00b5m in diameter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and black carbon (BC) in Europe.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We combined country-level childhood incidence rates and pooled exposure\u2013response functions with childhood (age 1\u201314\u2005years) population counts, and exposure estimates at 1\u200a540\u200a386 1\u2005km\u00d71\u2005km cells, across 18 European countries and 63\u200a442\u200a419 children. Annual average pollutant concentrations were obtained from a validated and harmonised European land-use regression model. We investigated two exposure reduction scenarios. For the first, we used recommended annual World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values. For the second, we used the minimum air pollution levels recorded across 41 studies in the underlying meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ranged from 1.4 to 70.0\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      , with a mean of 11.8\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      . PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ranged from 2.0 to 41.1\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      , with a mean of 11.6\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      . BC ranged from 0.003 to 3.7\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2005m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , with a mean of 1.0\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2005m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Compliance with the NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      WHO guidelines was estimated to prevent 2434 (0.4%) and 66\u200a567 (11%) incident cases, respectively. Meeting the minimum air pollution levels for NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.5\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (0.4\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and BC (0.4\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2005m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was estimated to prevent 135\u200a257 (23%), 191\u200a883 (33%) and 89\u200a191 (15%) incident cases, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant proportion of childhood asthma cases may be attributable to outdoor air pollution and these cases could be prevented. Our estimates underline an urgent need to reduce children's exposure to air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02194-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:25:19Z","timestamp":1565223919000},"page":"1802194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Outdoor air pollution and the burden of childhood asthma across Europe"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Haneen","family":"Khreis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Cirach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"de Hoogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Nieuwenhuijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5854-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rojas-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019103106250894000_54.4.1802194.1","unstructured":"Global Asthma Network. 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