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Tracheal substitutes can be classified into five types: 1) synthetic prosthesis; 2) allografts; 3) tracheal transplantation; 4) tissue engineering; and 5) autologous tissue composite. The ideal tracheal substitute is still unclear, but some techniques have shown promising clinical results. This article reviews the advantages and limitations of each technique used over the past few decades in clinical practice. The main limitation seems to be the capacity for tracheal tissue regeneration. The physiopathology behind this has yet to be fully understood. Research on stem cells sparked much interest and was thought to be a revolutionary technique; however, the poor long-term results of this approach highlight that there is a long way to go in this research field. Currently, an autologous tissue composite, with or without a tracheal allograft, is the only long-term working solution for every aetiology, despite its technical complexity and setbacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02211-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]],"date-time":"2018-02-15T01:55:21Z","timestamp":1518659721000},"page":"1702211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Tracheal replacement"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Harry","family":"Etienne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Gomez Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Mussot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Mitilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Dartevelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18003815008"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03564-6"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60737-5"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e318145ba13","article-title":"Tracheal replacements: Part 2","volume":"53","author":"Doss","year":"2007","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.40.1.32"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)65760-8"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00361-1"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40036-6","article-title":"Prosthetic reconstruction of the trachea and carina","volume":"72","author":"Neville","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36932-6","article-title":"Clinical experience with the silicone tracheal prosthesis","volume":"99","author":"Neville","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(96)70011-9"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.10.0194","article-title":"Development of surgical protocol for implantation of tracheal prostheses in sheep","volume":"48","author":"Dupret-Bories","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03569-5"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0195-7","article-title":"Development of tracheal prostheses made of porous titanium: a study on sheep","volume":"264","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23621","article-title":"Laryngeal replacement with an artificial larynx after total laryngectomy: the possibility of restoring larynx functionality in the future","volume":"36","author":"Debry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"2024101909310684000_51.2.1702211.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debry C , Vrana NE , Dupret-Bories A . 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