{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:21:19Z","timestamp":1792016479653,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide rapidly. However, the effects of asthma, asthma medication and asthma severity on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 have not yet been established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 7590 de-identified patients, who were confirmed to have COVID-19 using the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA-PCR tests conducted up to May 15, 2020; we used the linked-medical claims data provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Asthma and asthma severity (steps suggested by the Global Initiative for Asthma) were defined using the diagnostic code and history of asthma medication usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 7590 COVID-19 patients, 218 (2.9%) had underlying asthma. The total medical cost associated with COVID-19 patients with underlying asthma was significantly higher than that of other patients. Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with underlying asthma (7.8%) was significantly higher than that of other patients (2.8%; p&lt;0.001). However, asthma was not an independent risk factor for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 after adjustment, nor did asthma medication use and asthma severity affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. However, use of oral short-acting \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -agonists was an independent factor to increase the total medical cost burden. Patients with step 5 asthma showed significant prolonged duration of admission compared to those with step 1 asthma in both univariate and multivariate analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asthma led to poor outcomes of COVID-19; however, underlying asthma, use of asthma medication and asthma severity were not independent factors for poor clinical outcomes of COVID-19, generally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02226-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T11:50:21Z","timestamp":1612353021000},"page":"2002226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Effect of asthma and asthma medication on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6114-2059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeung Yoon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kwang","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hwa","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.049"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14427.1"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2731"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.061","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid asthma in COVID-19 patients","volume":"146","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.08.109","article-title":"Current status of asthma care in South Korea: nationwide the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0250-0","article-title":"Regular follow-up visits reduce the risk for asthma exacerbation requiring admission in Korean adults with asthma","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2019.11.6.795","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in asthma and the risk of pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2020.12.3.467","article-title":"Increasing prevalence and mortality of asthma with age in Korea, 2002\u20132015: a nationwide, population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2018.10.4.387","article-title":"High prevalence of asthma in elderly women: findings from a Korean national health database and adult asthma cohort","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-013-9453-9","article-title":"Increased prevalence of self-reported asthma among Korean adults: an analysis of KNHANES I and IV data","volume":"191","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.02.021","article-title":"2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: a new challenge","volume":"21","author":"Lupia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.03.004"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuyama S , Kawase M , Nao N , et al. The inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide blocks coronavirus RNA replication by targeting viral NSP15. bioRxiv 2020; preprint [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.11.987016].","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.11.987016"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2020.01024","article-title":"Epidemiological features after emergency declaration in Hokkaido and report of 15 cases of COVID-19 including 3 cases requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"2","author":"Edagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health Med"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.23","first-page":"18","article-title":"Metabolic and electrocardiographic effects of albuterol in pediatric asthmatic patients treated in an emergency room setting","volume":"27","author":"Del R\u00edo-Navarro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodward S , Mundorff M , Weng C , et al. Incidence of supraventricular tachycardia after inhaled short-acting beta agonist treatment in children. J Asthma 2020; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02770903.2019.1709867].","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2019.1709867"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715274"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901963"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.05.038"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2737"},{"key":"2026061109103091000_57.3.2002226.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa062"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02226-2020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:10:50Z","timestamp":1781194250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02226-2020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.02226-2020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02226-2020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}