{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:45:19Z","timestamp":1792043119877,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010564","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Lungenforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wilsing Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In adults, personalised asthma treatment targets patients with type 2 (T2)-high and eosinophilic asthma phenotypes. It is unclear whether such classification is achievable in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To define T2-high asthma with easily accessible biomarkers and compare resulting phenotypes across all ages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the multicentre clinical All Age Asthma Cohort (ALLIANCE), 1125 participants (n=776 asthmatics, n=349 controls) were recruited and followed for 2\u2005years (1\u2005year in adults). Extensive clinical characterisation (questionnaires, blood differential count, allergy testing, lung function and sputum induction (in adults)) was performed at baseline and follow-ups. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were measured after stimulation of whole blood with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD3\/CD28.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and main results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on blood eosinophil counts and allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies, patients were categorised into four mutually exclusive phenotypes: \u201catopy-only\u201d, \u201ceosinophils-only\u201d, \u201cT2-high\u201d (eosinophilia + atopy) and \u201cT2-low\u201d (neither eosinophilia nor atopy). The T2-high phenotype was found across all ages, even in very young children in whom it persisted to a large degree even after 2\u2005years of follow-up. T2-high asthma in adults was associated with childhood onset, suggesting early origins of this asthma phenotype. In both children and adults, the T2-high phenotype was characterised by excessive production of specific IgE to allergens (p&lt;0.0001) and, from school age onwards, by increased production of IL-5 after anti-CD3\/CD28 stimulation of whole blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using easily accessible biomarkers, patients with T2-high asthma can be identified across all ages delineating a distinct phenotype. These patients may benefit from therapy with biologicals even at a younger age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02288-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T12:37:21Z","timestamp":1645706241000},"page":"2102288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["T2-high asthma phenotypes across 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