{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:57:24Z","timestamp":1788346644770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016678","name":"Margaret Q. 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Growing evidence supports clinical heterogeneity within bronchiolitis. Our objectives were to identify metatranscriptome profiles of infant bronchiolitis, and to examine their relationship with the host transcriptome and subsequent asthma development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As part of a multicentre prospective cohort study of infants (age &lt;1\u2005year) hospitalised for bronchiolitis, we integrated virus and nasopharyngeal metatranscriptome (species-level taxonomy and function) data measured at hospitalisation. We applied network-based clustering approaches to identify metatranscriptome profiles. We then examined their association with the host transcriptome at hospitalisation and risk for developing asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified five metatranscriptome profiles of bronchiolitis (n=244): profile A: virus\n                      <jats:sup>RSV<\/jats:sup>\n                      microbiome\n                      <jats:sup>commensals<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; profile B: virus\n                      <jats:sup>RSV\/RV-A<\/jats:sup>\n                      microbiome\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>H.influenzae<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ; profile C: virus\n                      <jats:sup>RSV<\/jats:sup>\n                      microbiome\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>S.pneumoniae<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ; profile D: virus\n                      <jats:sup>RSV<\/jats:sup>\n                      microbiome\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>M.nonliquefaciens<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ; and profile E: virus\n                      <jats:sup>RSV\/RV-C<\/jats:sup>\n                      microbiome\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:sup>M.catarrhalis<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      . Compared with profile A, profile B infants were characterised by a high proportion of eczema,\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance and enriched virulence related to antibiotic resistance. These profile B infants also had upregulated T-helper 17 and downregulated type I interferon pathways (false discovery rate (FDR) &lt;0.005), and significantly higher risk for developing asthma (17.9%\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      38.9%; adjusted OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.11\u20137.26). Likewise, profile C infants were characterised by a high proportion of parental asthma,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      dominance, and enriched glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism of the microbiome. These profile C infants had an upregulated RAGE signalling pathway (FDR &lt;0.005) and higher risk of asthma (17.9%\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      35.6%; adjusted OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.10\u20135.87).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metatranscriptome and clustering analysis identified biologically distinct metatranscriptome profiles that have differential risks of asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02293-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T08:46:12Z","timestamp":1639644372000},"page":"2102293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Nasopharyngeal metatranscriptome profiles of infants with bronchiolitis and risk 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