{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:46:36Z","timestamp":1792791996203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early-life respiratory tract infections might affect chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, but conclusive studies from general populations are lacking. Our objective was to examine if children with early-life respiratory tract infections had increased risks of lower lung function and asthma at school age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used individual participant data of 150\u2009090 children primarily from the EU Child Cohort Network to examine the associations of upper and lower respiratory tract infections from age 6\u2005months to 5\u2005years with forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC, forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF\n                      <jats:sub>75%<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and asthma at a median (range) age of 7 (4\u201315)\u2005years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with early-life lower, not upper, respiratory tract infections had a lower school-age FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC and FEF\n                      <jats:sub>75%<\/jats:sub>\n                      (z-score range: \u22120.09 (95% CI \u22120.14\u2013\u2009\u22120.04) to \u22120.30 (95% CI \u22120.36\u2013\u2009\u22120.24)). Children with early-life lower respiratory tract infections had a higher increased risk of school-age asthma than those with upper respiratory tract infections (OR range: 2.10 (95% CI 1.98\u20132.22) to 6.30 (95% CI 5.64\u20137.04) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.18\u20131.32) to 1.55 (95% CI 1.47\u20131.65), respectively). Adjustment for preceding respiratory tract infections slightly decreased the strength of the effects. Observed associations were similar for those with and without early-life wheezing as a proxy for early-life asthma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that early-life respiratory tract infections affect development of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases in later life, with the strongest effects for lower respiratory tract infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T04:51:25Z","timestamp":1651207885000},"page":"2102395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Early-life respiratory tract infections and the risk of school-age lower lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 150\u2009000 European children"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Evelien R.","family":"van Meel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Mensink-Bout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman T.","family":"den Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarunveer S.","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6340-9300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Annesi-Maesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Hasan","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Ba\u00efz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4699-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"von Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Bisgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"B\u00f8nnelykke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Chatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecile","family":"Chevrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geertje","family":"Dalmeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Dezateux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Duchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Eggesb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"van der Ent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Fantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Flexeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fransesco","family":"Forastiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3612-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Granell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy J.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel","family":"Inskip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jerzynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Karvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecily","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Kogevinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-2002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia E.","family":"Kuehni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Lambrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-4265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Christine","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"M\u00e9len","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mehegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Mommers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Nybo Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenche","family":"Nystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva S.L.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha","family":"Pekkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Peltola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine C.","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Pinot de Moira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Polanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3431-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica S.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Standl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carel","family":"Thijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Toivonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Uphoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9987-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Usemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Vafeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan C.","family":"de Jongste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent W.V.","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Duijts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528685"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.048769"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.3.541-555.2005"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3434191"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000101"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1617412","article-title":"Respiratory viruses and asthma","volume":"39","author":"Wark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.02.024"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.669"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004034"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.009"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.121582"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.07.004","article-title":"Cohort study of severe bronchiolitis during infancy and risk of asthma by age 5\u2005years","volume":"5","author":"Balekian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3060"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.06.037"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0188OC"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210149"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30100-0","article-title":"Childhood predictors of lung function trajectories and future COPD risk: a prospective cohort study from the first to the sixth decade of life","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00662-z"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00164109"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013034","article-title":"Association between rhinovirus wheezing illness and the development of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7283.390"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213389"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.27","first-page":"67","article-title":"A systematic review of early life factors which adversely affect subsequent lung function","volume":"20","author":"Kouzouna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051162"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.17.4.329"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.01.011"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.010"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.03.005","article-title":"Infant immune response to respiratory viral infections","volume":"39","author":"Heinonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy053","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between respiratory infections and asthma in young children","volume":"187","author":"Ramette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91340-1"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6804.671"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13062","article-title":"Asthma and lung function in adulthood after a viral wheezing episode in early childhood","volume":"48","author":"Backman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"2024102102554206000_60.4.2102395.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00457-2021"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T02:06:48Z","timestamp":1740362808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02395-2021","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742086386.793593755","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}