{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:38Z","timestamp":1790662778698,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"the Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2017-00641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017-00641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the China Scholarship Council","award":["No. 201806010406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 201806010406"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001160","name":"the Health Effects Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#4954-RFA14-3\/16-5-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#4954-RFA14-3\/16-5-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to childhood-onset asthma, although evidence is still insufficient. Within the multicentre project Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe (ELAPSE), we examined the associations of long-term exposures to particulate matter with a diameter &lt;2.5\u2005\u00b5m (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and black carbon (BC) with asthma incidence in adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We pooled data from three cohorts in Denmark and Sweden with information on asthma hospital diagnoses. The average concentrations of air pollutants in 2010 were modelled by hybrid land-use regression models at participants\u2019 baseline residential addresses. Associations of air pollution exposures with asthma incidence were explored with Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 98\u200a326 participants, 1965 developed asthma during a mean follow-up of 16.6\u2005years. We observed associations in fully adjusted models with hazard ratios of 1.22 (95% CI 1.04\u20131.43) per 5\u2005\u03bcg\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 1.17 (95% CI 1.10\u20131.25) per 10\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      for NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 1.15 (95% CI 1.08\u20131.23) per 0.5\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125\u2005<\/jats:sup>\n                      m\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for BC. Hazard ratios were larger in cohort subsets with exposure levels below the European Union and US limit values and possibly World Health Organization guidelines for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and BC estimates remained unchanged in two-pollutant models with PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , whereas PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      estimates were attenuated to unity. The concentration\u2013response curves showed no evidence of a threshold.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution, especially from fossil fuel combustion sources such as motorised traffic, was associated with adult-onset asthma, even at levels below the current limit values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03099-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T08:46:22Z","timestamp":1622796382000},"page":"2003099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of asthma: the ELAPSE 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