{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:27:06Z","timestamp":1793914026521,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCAF-17-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCAF-17-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchiectasis is a heterogenous disease with multiple underlying causes. The pathophysiology is poorly understood but neutrophilic inflammation and dysfunctional killing of pathogens is believed to be key. There are, however, no licensed therapies for bronchiectasis that directly target neutrophilic inflammation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of neutrophil dysfunction and therapeutic targeting in bronchiectasis. Immunometabolic reprogramming, a process through which inflammation changes inflammatory cell behaviour by altering intracellular metabolic pathways, is increasingly recognised across multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here, we show evidence that much of the neutrophil dysfunction observed in bronchiectasis is consistent with immunometabolic reprogramming. Previous attempts at developing therapies targeting neutrophils have focused on reducing neutrophil numbers, resulting in increased frequency of infections. New approaches are needed and we propose that targeting metabolism could theoretically reverse neutrophil dysfunction and dysregulated inflammation. As an exemplar, 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation has already been shown to reverse phagocytic dysfunction and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in models of pulmonary disease. AMPK modulates multiple metabolic pathways, including glycolysis which is critical for energy generation in neutrophils. AMPK activators can reverse metabolic reprogramming and are already in clinical use and\/or development. We propose the need for a new immunomodulatory approach, rather than an anti-inflammatory approach, to enhance bacterial clearance and reduce bronchiectasis disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1611848539000},"page":"2003157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Neutrophil dysfunction in bronchiectasis: an emerging role for immunometabolism"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yan Hui","family":"Giam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Shoemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01289-2017"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in India: results from the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration (EMBARC) and Respiratory Research Network of India Registry","volume":"7","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"Chalmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02726189","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: causes and management","volume":"67","author":"Sethi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.09.011"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.6","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inflammation: a two-edged sword\u2014the model of bronchiectasis","volume":"147","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0487OC"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30427-2","article-title":"Inhaled liposomal ciprofloxacin in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ORBIT-3 and ORBIT-4): two phase 3, randomised controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Haworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00608-2020"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31767-7","article-title":"Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity","volume":"392","author":"Flume","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00110-2020"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201008-1285OC"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00113"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0736-z","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals neutrophil heterogeneity in homeostasis and infection","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00328-2018"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00303-2019"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2.420"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03091.x"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9906120"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12138"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2423OC","article-title":"Blood neutrophils are reprogrammed in bronchiectasis","volume":"198","author":"Bedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110647"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.008037"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210134"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.4898"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-017-0176-1"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0047OC"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00069007"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-739680"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1558ED","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis lung disease and immunometabolism","volume":"200","author":"Cantin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201905-1013OC","article-title":"Specific inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome as an antiinflammatory strategy in cystic fibrosis","volume":"200","author":"McElvaney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim RB . Volume 1 (A\u2013Co): complement, classical pathway. In: Roitt I , Delves P , eds. Encyclopedia of Immunology. 2nd Edn. Academic Press, 1998; pp. 604\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1006\/rwei.1999.0161"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak W , Saunders M , Jett BD . Chapter 3: innate immunity. In: Primer to the Immune Response. 2nd Edn. Academic Cell, 2014; pp. 55\u201383.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385245-8.00003-0"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiemstra PS , Daha MR . Volume 4 (Nut\u2013Z): opsonization. In: Roitt I , Delves P , eds. Encyclopedia of Immunology. 2nd Edn. Academic Press, 1998; pp. 1885\u20131888.","DOI":"10.1006\/rwei.1999.0475"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00288"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00085","article-title":"Platelet-neutrophil interplay: insights into neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-driven coagulation in infection","volume":"6","author":"Zucoloto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1565"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.96"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080369","article-title":"Post-translational modifications in netosis and nets-mediated diseases","volume":"9","author":"Hamam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000206974"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1895"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1735"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12652","article-title":"Pondering neutrophil extracellular traps with healthy skepticism","volume":"18","author":"Nauseef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363242"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210134"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0487OC"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2351OC","article-title":"Pregnancy zone protein is associated with airway infection, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and disease severity in bronchiectasis","volume":"200","author":"Finch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keir HR , Shoemark A , Dicker AJ , et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps are increased in severe bronchiectasis and reduced by long-term azithromycin treatment. SSRN Electron J 2020; preprint [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3678620].","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3678620"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021713","article-title":"Phase 2 Trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis","volume":"383","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00148-2015"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2013.10.007"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114699"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200213572"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.12.009"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2019.03.009","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the human neutrophil elastase inhibitor BAY 85-8501 for the treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Watz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.04.010"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00347","article-title":"Metabolic checkpoints in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Pucino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02590-2017"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302764"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L735","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00165.2014","article-title":"GSK3\u03b2-dependent inhibition of AMPK potentiates activation of neutrophils and macrophages and enhances severity of acute lung injury","volume":"307","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90210.2008"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2015.78.1.8","article-title":"Role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in smoking-induced lung inflammation and emphysema","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22513","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15116","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase reduces inflammatory responses and cellular senescence in pulmonary emphysema","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0087-6","article-title":"Metformin reverses established lung fibrosis in a bleomycin model","volume":"24","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8633"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.68","first-page":"241","article-title":"AMPK activation: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes?","volume":"7","author":"Coughlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00065"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-190587"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.108944"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708379200"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.81"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.17420111"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.387"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.03.022"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelley JW . Chapter 6: glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. In: Elsevier's Integrated Review: Biochemistry. 2nd Edn. Elsevier, 2012; pp. 49\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07446-9.00006-4"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.555714"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.009"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.109942"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelley JW . Chapter 8: gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism. In: Elsevier's Integrated Review: Biochemistry. 2nd Edn. Elsevier, 2012; pp. 67\u201373.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07446-9.00008-8"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhagavan NV . Carbohydrate metabolism II: gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, and alternative pathways. In: Medical Biochemistry. Elsevier, 2002; pp. 275\u2013305.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012095440-7\/50017-2"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401320"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.53"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2007.01786.x"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.640094"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211485"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00362","article-title":"High concentrations of H2O2 make aerobic glycolysis energetically more favorable for cellular respiration","volume":"7","author":"Molavian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12437"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.005","article-title":"Autophagy-dependent generation of free fatty acids is critical for normal neutrophil differentiation","volume":"47","author":"Riffelmacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02099"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32656","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32656","article-title":"AMPK signaling to acetyl-CoA carboxylase is required for fasting- and cold-induced appetite but not thermogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Galic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310207"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V47.3.431.431","article-title":"Differences in free fatty acid and glucose metabolism of human blood neutrophils and lymphocytes","volume":"47","author":"Burns","year":"1976","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.22.13138"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39153-7","article-title":"Effect of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human neutrophils","volume":"37","author":"Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.5.2616"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802537200"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00253-2"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.05.018","article-title":"Resistin is elevated in cystic fibrosis sputum and correlates negatively with lung function","volume":"18","author":"Forrest","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100028200"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35053000"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78680","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12019","article-title":"Down-regulated resistin level in consequence of decreased neutrophil counts in untreated Grave's disease","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02841-3"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.01.013"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606676200"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17815","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7404","article-title":"AMPK and PKA interaction in the regulation of survival of liver cancer cells subjected to glucose starvation","volume":"7","author":"Ferretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02390-14"},{"issue":"1 Suppl.,","key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56.10","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.190.Supp.56.10","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps exhibit no bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P1255)","volume":"190","author":"Gadjeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0193PS"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4.955"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9906120"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319909"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84431"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.008"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020238","article-title":"HIF-1-dependent reprogramming of glucose metabolic pathway of cancer cells and its therapeutic significance","volume":"20","author":"Nagao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309937"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00463.2014"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.001"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.005"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00172007"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.122","first-page":"466","article-title":"Gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, activates autophagy through AMPK in human lung cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J BUON"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1107-2","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: a potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024102102183277000_58.2.2003157.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14754","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4474","article-title":"AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) regulates activity of HER2 and EGFR in breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Jhaveri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T07:48:06Z","timestamp":1740383286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}