{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:58:02Z","timestamp":1788508682602,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.ersjournals.com\/user-licence"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF-4183-00353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF-4183-00353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 201806010406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 201806010406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016047","name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#6461896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#6461896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF17OC0027812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0027812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>While air pollution has been linked to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evidence on the role of environmental noise is just emerging. We examined the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and road traffic noise with COPD incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We defined COPD incidence for 24\u200a538 female nurses from the Danish Nurse Cohort (age &gt;44\u2005years) as the first hospital contact between baseline (1993 or 1999) and 2015. We estimated residential annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter &lt;2.5\u2005\u00b5m (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) since 1990 and nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) since 1970 using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model\/Urban Background Model\/Air Geographic Information System modelling system, and road traffic noise (L<jats:sub>den<\/jats:sub>) since 1970 using the Nord2000 model. Time-varying Cox regression models were applied to assess the associations of air pollution and road traffic noise with COPD incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>977 nurses developed COPD during a mean of 18.6\u2005years\u2019 follow-up. We observed associations with COPD for all three exposures with HRs and 95% CIs of 1.19 (1.01\u20131.41) per 6.26\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>for PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, 1.13 (1.05\u20131.20) per 8.19\u2005\u00b5g\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>for NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and 1.15 (1.06\u20131.25) per 10\u2005dB for L<jats:sub>den<\/jats:sub>. Associations with NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and L<jats:sub>den<\/jats:sub>attenuated slightly after mutual adjustment, but were robust to adjustment for PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. Associations with PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>were attenuated to null after adjustment for either NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>or L<jats:sub>den<\/jats:sub>. No potential interaction effect was observed between air pollutants and noise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term exposure to air pollution, especially traffic-related NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and to road traffic noise were independently associated with COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04594-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T14:26:37Z","timestamp":1620915997000},"page":"2004594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Long-term air pollution and road traffic noise exposure and COPD: the Danish Nurse Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanette T.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heresh","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cole-Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar J.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laust H.","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi G.J.","family":"Westendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Loft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira V.","family":"Br\u00e4uner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Hertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen S.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper H.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Geels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise M.","family":"Frohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Brboric\u00b4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Radonic\u00b4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Turk Sekulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"B\u00f8nnelykke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Backalarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette K.","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorana J.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31222-9"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2016.1216956","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and COPD-related emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and mortality: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"DeVries","year":"2017","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202001-046ST","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and new-onset airway disease. An official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report","volume":"17","author":"Thurston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00100112"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108783","article-title":"Air pollution exposures from multiple point sources and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma","volume":"179","author":"Hendryx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.073","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and ozone and hospital admissions of Medicare participants in the Southeast USA","volume":"130","author":"Danesh Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.050","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low concentrations of air pollutants and hospitalisation for respiratory diseases: a prospective cohort study in Australia","volume":"121","author":"Salimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542-5196(18)30028-7"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0276-7","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and respiratory disease incidence in in Toronto, Canada: a cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00845-2015"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103531"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102266"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132213"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2004OC"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0937OC"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106267","article-title":"Long-term exposure to low-level air pollution and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ELAPSE project","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206154"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu030"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.036","article-title":"Road traffic noise effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic health: an integrative model of biological mechanisms","volume":"146","author":"Recio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.014","article-title":"The short-term association of road traffic noise with cardiovascular, respiratory, and diabetes-related mortality","volume":"150","author":"Recio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00176213"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109404","article-title":"Noise exposure and childhood asthma up to adolescence","volume":"185","author":"Wallas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2019.03.005","article-title":"Traffic noise and respiratory diseases: is there evidence?","volume":"55","author":"Linares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1506","article-title":"Environmental noise induces the release of stress hormones and inflammatory signaling molecules leading to oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction \u2013 signatures of the internal exposome","volume":"45","author":"Daiber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101506","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to traffic noise-induced vascular and cerebral dysfunction via uncoupling of nitric oxide synthases","volume":"34","author":"Daiber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.10.093"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.05.010","article-title":"Residential exposure to traffic noise and leisure-time sports \u2013 a population-based study","volume":"220","author":"Roswall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.057","article-title":"Long-term exposure to transportation noise and its association with adiposity markers and development of obesity","volume":"121","author":"Foraster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6174"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.024","article-title":"The role of traffic noise on the association between air pollution and children's lung function","volume":"157","author":"Franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105341","article-title":"Surrounding green, air pollution, traffic noise exposure and non-accidental and cause-specific mortality","volume":"134","author":"Klompmaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr042"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.02.019","article-title":"High resolution multi-scale air quality modelling for all streets in Denmark","volume":"52","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp Res D Transp Environ"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.35","unstructured":"Kragh J , Plovsing B , Storeheier S\u00c5 , et al. Nordic Environmental Noise Prediction Methods: Nord2000 Summary Report. Lyngby, DELTA Danish Electronics, Light & Acoustics, 2001."},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409276"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0609OC"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.38","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. Geneva, World Health Organization , 2018."},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.NAH_51_16","article-title":"Self-reported occupational noise may be associated with prevalent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the US general population","volume":"19","author":"Dzhambov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0432-8","article-title":"Measurement error in a multi-level analysis of air pollution and health: a simulation study","volume":"18","author":"Butland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10255","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and change in quantitatively assessed emphysema and lung function","volume":"322","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinharay R , Gong J , Barratt B , et al. Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to walking down a traffic-polluted road compared with walking in a traffic-free area in participants aged 60\u2005years and older with chronic lung or heart disease and age-matched healthy controls: a randomised, crossover study. Lancet 2018; 391: 339\u2013349.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32643-0"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2008.042424"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S53255","article-title":"Examining the relationship between anxiety and depression and exacerbations of COPD which result in hospital admission: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Pooler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2024102102283648000_58.6.2004594.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.01.012"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.04594-2020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:44:36Z","timestamp":1740375876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/13993003.04594-2020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/13993003.04594-2020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.04594-2020","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3702977","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}