{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:30:59Z","timestamp":1782257459612,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"179","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) underscores the substantial and ongoing burden faced by individuals following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The volume of emerging evidence regarding pulmonary-related PCC complications highlights the urgent need for current, evidence-informed guidelines to ensure timely assessment and effective treatment for those affected by PCC. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesise existing research on the management and treatment of pulmonary complications in individuals with PCC. A rapid review of published and grey literature focused on pulmonary-related PCC complications was completed in November 2023 and updated in June 2025, in accordance with PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. We identified 73 unique articles, including 12 guidance documents, 24 secondary studies (including 11 systematic reviews with meta-analyses, eight systematic reviews and three scoping reviews) and 37 primary research studies (13 randomised controlled trials) and narratively synthesised their findings. Guidance documents addressed workup and management for pulmonary-related PCC complications, recommending the use of pulmonary function testing with diffusing capacity and the importance of ruling out other conditions. Although evidence regarding the use of medical and pharmacological interventions for treatment of pulmonary-related PCC complications were limited and inconclusive, the current evidence base suggested potential effectiveness of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach for pulmonary-related PCC treatment, involving specialist consultations and tailored rehabilitation programmes. The heterogeneity in study quality and risk of bias warrants cautious interpretation of the findings. The current evidence and evolving healthcare landscape suggest the need for updated, evidence-informed clinical guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0010-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:30:14Z","timestamp":1772011814000},"page":"250010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment and management of post-COVID-19 pulmonary complications: a rapid review"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wade","family":"Michaelchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0230-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley J.J.","family":"Soril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dacia","family":"Chiarieri-Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Giroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Shatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Stickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7366-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace Y.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.1","unstructured":"Government of Canada . Post-COVID-19 condition in Canada: what we know, what we don't know, and a framework for action. Date last updated: 22 April 2025. Date last accessed: 3 July 2024. https:\/\/science.gc.ca\/site\/science\/en\/office-chief-science-advisor\/initiatives-covid-19\/post-covid-19-condition-canada-what-we-know-what-we-dont-know-and-framework-action"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Post COVID-19 condition (long COVID). Date last updated: 7 December 2022. Date last accessed: 3 July 2024. www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/post-covid-19-condition"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417","article-title":"Assessment of the frequency and variety of persistent symptoms among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Nasserie","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02250-0"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16150","article-title":"Symptoms and management of long COVID: a scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Cha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7121e1"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7\u2005months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.9","unstructured":"Kuang S , Earl S , Clarke J , et al. Experiences of Canadians with long-term symptoms following COVID-19. Date last updated: 8 December 2023. Date last accessed: 3 July 2024. www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75-006-x\/2023001\/article\/00015-eng.htm"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02376-w","article-title":"Post-COVID dyspnea: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes in a longitudinal, prospective cohort","volume":"23","author":"Grewal","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.02.018"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.13","unstructured":"Falcone E , Quinn K . Guidelines for Testing & Treating Long COVID. Date last updated: 1 May 2025. Date last accessed: 5 August 2025. www.publichealthontario.ca\/-\/media\/Event-Presentations\/25\/07\/guidelines-testing-treating-long-covid.pdf"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0925-0"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.06.005"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090449"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.19","first-page":"9","article-title":"Canadian Thoracic Society position statement on rehabilitation for COVID-19 and implications for pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Respir Crit Care Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1159\/000517255","article-title":"Swiss recommendations for the follow-up and treatment of pulmonary long COVID","volume":"100","author":"Funke-Chambour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2022.0141","article-title":"Preliminary guidelines for the clinical evaluation and management of long COVID","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0194-2021"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0265"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.23.0248"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13397","article-title":"Multidisciplinary collaborative guidance on the assessment and treatment of patients with Long COVID: a compendium statement","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-025-00793-9","article-title":"Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus","volume":"24","author":"Ewing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220439"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13628","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxic\u2013hyperoxic training during inpatient rehabilitation improves exercise capacity and functional outcome in patients with long covid: results of a controlled clinical pilot trial","volume":"15","author":"Doehner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.2007","article-title":"Nirmatrelvir\u2013ritonavir and symptoms in adults with postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: the STOP-PASC randomized clinical trial","volume":"184","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112673","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of major ozone autohemotherapy for patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"139","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094386"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.atm_121_23","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment for persistent pulmonary infiltrates following COVID-19 infection: clearing the fog?","volume":"19","author":"Ntiamoah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy11020061","article-title":"SMART pharmacists serving the new needs of the post-COVID patients, leaving no-one behind","volume":"11","author":"Sipetic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacy"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2024.05.004","article-title":"Outpatient management of post-COVID syndrome \u2013 single center experience","volume":"67","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488792","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2025.2488792","article-title":"Whole-body hyperthermia as part of a multimodal treatment for patients with post-COVID syndrome \u2013 a case series","volume":"42","author":"Vagedes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107763","article-title":"Short-term intermittent hypoxia exposure for dyspnea and fatigue in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a randomized controlled study","volume":"232","author":"Zha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01640-z","article-title":"The long-term health outcomes, pathophysiological mechanisms and multidisciplinary management of long COVID","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2022.2161365"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11131-x","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the treatment of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2025.01.001","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicine for dyspnea and persistent symptoms of long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Tsang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2023.2242773"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081318"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0071-2022"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08374-x","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation in ambulatory care for patients with persisting symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Dillen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08540-X","article-title":"Effectiveness of telerehabilitation versus face-to-face pulmonary rehabilitation on physical function and quality of life in people with post COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Martinez-Pozas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2077","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.2077","article-title":"The pulmonary rehabilitation effect on long COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Martinez-Pozas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-082441"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13403","article-title":"Telerehabilitation as an innovative strategy for the management of anxiety and dyspnea in post-COVID-19: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Neto","year":"2025","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2333838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33838","article-title":"Rehabilitation interventions for physical capacity and quality of life in adults with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Pouliopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107909","article-title":"Effectiveness of physiotherapy modalities on persisting dyspnoea in long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"236","author":"Romanet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2025.112048","article-title":"Psychotherapy in patients with long\/post-COVID \u2013 a systematic review on the feasibility, acceptability, safety, and efficacy of available and emerging interventions","volume":"190","author":"Schurr","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106782","article-title":"The effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation for post-COVID symptoms: a rapid review of the literature","volume":"195","author":"Soril","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103412","article-title":"Effects of therapeutic interventions on long COVID: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"87","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102395","article-title":"The quality and pattern of rehabilitation interventions prescribed for post-COVID-19 infection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00954-x","article-title":"Effects of respiratory muscular training in post-COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Xavier","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074325"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003280"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.58","first-page":"483","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of long COVID: a clinical study integrating pulmonary, neurological, and psychological parameters","volume":"15","author":"Acharya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_368_23","article-title":"Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in post-COVID-19 patients: a pre- and post-interventional study","volume":"41","author":"Bargaje","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2023.104112","article-title":"Pulmonary recovery directly after COVID-19 and in Long-COVID","volume":"315","author":"Altmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040970","article-title":"Improved functioning and activity according to the international classification of functioning and disability after multidisciplinary telerehabilitation for post-COVID-19 condition-a randomized control study","volume":"13","author":"Bileviciute-Ljungar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20156513","article-title":"Physical activity in long COVID: a comparative study of exercise rehabilitation benefits in patients with long COVID, coronary artery disease and fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"Colas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02152-2024"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2024.101920","article-title":"Effect of respiratory rehabilitation on quality of life in individuals with post-COVID-19 symptoms: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"del Corral","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35991-y","article-title":"A safe and effective micro-choice based rehabilitation for patients with long COVID: results from a quasi-experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Frisk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2024.112023","article-title":"Sustained improvements in sick leave, fatigue and functional status following a concentrated micro-choice based treatment for patients with long COVID: a 1\u2005year prospective uncontrolled study","volume":"189","author":"Frisk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002089","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 ongoing symptoms and health-related quality of life: does rehabilitation matter?: preliminary evidence","volume":"102","author":"Mammi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020242","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation for long COVID patients experiencing long-lasting symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Moine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03047-0","article-title":"Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on functional and psychological parameters in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) patients","volume":"24","author":"Nasrullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2450744","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744","article-title":"Brief outpatient rehabilitation program for post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Nerli","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5563","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185563","article-title":"Long COVID cardiopulmonary symptoms and health resort treatment: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Onik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020420","article-title":"Effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation program in patients with long COVID-19: post-COVID-19 rehabilitation (PCR SIRIO 8) study","volume":"12","author":"Ostrowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04784-3","article-title":"Balneotherapy for the treatment of post-COVID syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Ovejero","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28373"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip KEJ , Owles H , McVey S , et al. An online singing-based breathing and wellbeing programme (ENO Breathe) for people with long COVID breathlessness: results from 1438 participants. SSRN 2024; preprint [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5076133].","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5076133"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2025.2516801","article-title":"Respiratory post COVID sequelae: the role of pulmonary function impairment, fatigue and obesity in dyspnea and the impact of SPA rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Resta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.77","first-page":"597","article-title":"Low-intensity rehabilitation in persistent post COVID-19 dyspnoea: the value of spa health resort as appropriate setting","volume":"36","author":"Resta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08487-9","article-title":"Exercise rehabilitation in post COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial of different training modalities","volume":"61","author":"Sick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149922","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1149922","article-title":"Improved clinical outcomes in response to a 12-week blended digital and community-based long-COVID-19 rehabilitation programme","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01179-z","article-title":"Optimizing cardiopulmonary rehabilitation duration for long COVID patients: an exercise physiology monitoring approach","volume":"46","author":"Szarvas","year":"2024","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-025-03899-3","article-title":"Virtual recovery: efficacy of telerehabilitation on dyspnea, pain, and functional capacity in post-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"194","author":"Yasaci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040938","article-title":"Gender-related effectiveness of personalized post-COVID-19 rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Rzepka-Cholasinska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211032850"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.84","first-page":"800","article-title":"Rehabilitation and COVID-19: systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation","volume":"59","author":"Arienti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70079","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70079","article-title":"Personalised health behaviour support programme in adults with post-COVID syndrome: a randomised, controlled pilot feasibility trial","volume":"27","author":"Armstrong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002350","article-title":"Rehabilitation improves persistent symptoms of COVID-19: a nonrandomized, controlled, open study in Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Campos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0296707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296707","article-title":"Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on ventilation dynamics measured during exertion in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"19","author":"Campos","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03101-2021"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2022.101709","article-title":"Home-based respiratory muscle training on quality of life and exercise tolerance in long-term post-COVID-19: randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Del Corral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731211015691"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08002-8","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for long COVID (HOT-LoCO), an interim safety report from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Kjellberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00489.2022"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14240","article-title":"Rehabilitation for post-COVID-19 condition through a supervised exercise intervention: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Jimeno-Almazan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001439"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm25491","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.25491","article-title":"Diaphragmatic strengthening exercises for patients with post COVID-19 condition after mild-to-moderate acute COVID-19 infection: a randomized controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Abo Elyazed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08473-3","article-title":"Effects of aerobic training on cardiopulmonary fitness in patients with long COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.97","first-page":"S178","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation improves cardiorespiratory fitness in long-COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Besnier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2086","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.2086","article-title":"Effects of a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation protocol on functional capacity, dyspnea, fatigue, and body composition in individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Gomes Dos Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00817-5","article-title":"Effects of a randomized-controlled and online-supported physical activity intervention on exercise capacity, fatigue and health related quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Kerling","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076506"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216739","article-title":"Medical rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome-a comparison of aerobic interval and continuous training","volume":"12","author":"Mooren","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020425","article-title":"Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on respiratory function and thickness of the diaphragm in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Pietranis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13530","article-title":"Telerehabilitation improves cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and body composition in older people with post-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14799731241255967","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731241255967","article-title":"Effects of a respiratory and neurological rehabilitation treatment plan in post COVID-19 affected university students. Randomized clinical study","volume":"21","author":"Sanchez Mila","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2024.0024","article-title":"Updated clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of long COVID","volume":"56","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.06.028","article-title":"Diagnosing respiratory long COVID: a practical approach","volume":"168","author":"Gershon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026033102051409000_35.179.250010.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14213-6","article-title":"Double-counting of populations in evidence synthesis in public health: a call for awareness and future methodological development","volume":"22","author":"Hussein","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0010-2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:05:51Z","timestamp":1774947951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0010-2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0010-2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0010-2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}