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The aim of this review was to comprehensively describe and evaluate all types of fixed-intensity exercise tests used to assess exertional dyspnoea in chronic cardiopulmonary populations and, where possible, report the reliability and responsiveness of the tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of five electronic databases identified papers that examined 1) fixed-intensity exercise tests and measured exertional dyspnoea, 2) chronic cardiopulmonary populations, 3) exertional dyspnoea reported at isotime or upon completion of fixed-duration exercise tests, and 4) published in English.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Searches identified 8785 papers. 123 papers were included, covering exercise tests using a variety of fixed-intensity protocols. Three modes were identified, as follows: 1) cycling (n=87), 2) walking (n=31) and 3) other (step test (n=8) and arm exercise (n=2)). Most studies (98%) were performed on chronic respiratory disease patients. Nearly all studies (88%) used an incremental exercise test. 34% of studies used a fixed duration for the exercise test, with the remaining 66% using an exhaustion protocol recording exertional dyspnoea at isotime. Exertional dyspnoea was measured using the Borg scale (89%). 7% of studies reported reliability. Most studies (72%) examined the change in exertional dyspnoea in response to different interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considerable methodological variety of fixed-intensity exercise tests exists to assess exertional dyspnoea and most test protocols require incremental exercise tests. There does not appear to be a simple, universal test for measuring exertional dyspnoea in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0016-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T08:50:44Z","timestamp":1691571044000},"page":"230016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fixed-intensity exercise tests to measure exertional dyspnoea in chronic heart and lung populations: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tanya","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Obst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig R.","family":"Aitken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendran","family":"Sabapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman R.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14070","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of breathlessness in Australian adults: the national breathlessness survey \u2013 a cross-sectional web-based population survey","volume":"26","author":"Poulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e3282ffafe8"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.07.003"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00887-2018"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S277523","article-title":"How to assess breathlessness in COPD","volume":"16","author":"Lewthwaite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2024102404141128000_32.169.230016.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000444","article-title":"Why treatment efficacy on breathlessness in laboratory but not daily life trials? 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