{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:06:07Z","timestamp":1790154367102,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"181","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thymic neuroendocrine tumours (T-NETs) are rare, aggressive malignancies with distinct biology and poor outcomes. Current management is extrapolated from other neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), highlighting a critical need for a synthesised understanding of their unique molecular and immune landscape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive narrative review (2000\u20132026) of T-NETs, interrogating PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus. Focus was placed on clinicopathology, molecular alterations, tumour immune microenvironment and therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T-NETs encompass a spectrum from well-differentiated carcinoids to high-grade carcinomas. Their molecular drivers are grade-specific, featuring TP53 (tumour protein p53)\/RB1 (retinoblastoma 1) loss and chromosomal instability in high-grade tumours, alongside prevalent chromatin remodelling and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)\u2013mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) dysregulation. The immune microenvironment is predominantly \u201cinflamed\u201d, with heterogeneous PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1)\/VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation) expression and T-cell infiltration that is often restrained by a myeloid-rich stroma. For clinical management, surgical resection is curative for localised disease. In advanced stages, therapy is extrapolated from other NETs and includes somatostatin analogues (for somatostatin receptor-positive tumours), everolimus, temozolomide-based regimens and, in selected cases, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Immunotherapy and novel combinations represent emerging investigational avenues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T-NETs are biologically distinct thymic malignancies. Improved care will require thymus-specific molecular and immune profiling, standardised diagnostic criteria, and prospective collaborative studies to move beyond extrapolated treatment paradigms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0016-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:30:24Z","timestamp":1790152224000},"page":"260016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thymic neuroendocrine tumours: molecular landscape, immune microenvironment and therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongtao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227197","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465775","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1465775","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the thymus","volume":"15","author":"Barone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03037-1","article-title":"Recent advances and conceptual changes in the classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"478","author":"Bohnenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210100","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0394-2020","article-title":"Thymic tumours and their special features","volume":"30","author":"Basse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17121975","article-title":"Recent clinical and molecular advances in the management of thymic carcinoids: a comprehensive review","volume":"17","author":"Pi\u00f3rek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194944","article-title":"A single-center analysis of thymic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"14","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15734056259584","DOI":"10.2174\/0115734056259584231112105510","article-title":"Imaging and histopathological features of primary thymic neuroendocrine tumor","volume":"20","author":"Suwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Med Imaging"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.04.015","article-title":"Molecular classification of neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"14","author":"Dinter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22183","article-title":"Tumor genetics and survival of thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a multi-institutional clinicopathologic study","volume":"53","author":"Str\u00f6bel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108731","article-title":"Lineage-specific transcription factor landscape of thymic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"208","author":"Omura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917743","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.917743","article-title":"Clinical implications of immune checkpoint markers and immune infiltrates in patients with thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04751-x","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of immune-related markers in thymic carcinoid","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.13","first-page":"100935","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumors: evolving insights and innovative approaches","volume":"7","author":"Pietroluongo","year":"2026","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.14","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board . Thoracic Tumours. 5th Edn. Lyon, World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2022.11.005","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"29","author":"von der Th\u00fcsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Histopathol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15097","article-title":"Thymic epithelial tumours: histopathological classification and differential diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"von der Th\u00fcsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010115","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma: unraveling neuroendocrine differentiation and epithelial cell identity loss","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-03904-7","article-title":"Insulinoma-associated protein-1 (INSM-1) is a useful diagnostic marker for the evaluation of primary thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 27 cases","volume":"486","author":"Suster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2024-0045-OA","article-title":"Insulinoma-associated protein-1 expression in lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the thymus: a potential pitfall for diagnosis with neuroendocrine carcinomas of the thymus","volume":"149","author":"Suster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10613","article-title":"The new WHO classification of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors and its impact on clinical practice","volume":"22","author":"Popa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2012.12.001"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09708-2"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15047","article-title":"Dataset for reporting of thymic epithelial tumours: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR)","volume":"83","author":"Roden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09668-z","article-title":"Molecular pathology of well-differentiated pulmonary and thymic neuroendocrine tumors: what do pathologists need to know?","volume":"32","author":"Volante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00817-X"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14572","article-title":"Long-term effect of everolimus in recurrent thymic neuroendocrine neoplasia","volume":"95","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002852","article-title":"Genetic insights into thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms denote prognosis signatures and pathways","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.01.003","article-title":"Lung and thymic carcinoids: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Baudin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0133-9"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.12.014"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00160"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65227-8","article-title":"DNA methylation patterns facilitate tracing the origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"16","author":"Goeppert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02366-x","article-title":"Real-world clinicopathological features and outcome of thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a retrospective single-institution analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.07.050","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus: analysis of factors affecting survival in 254 patients","volume":"103","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021314"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-9980-y"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03099-4","article-title":"Thymic neuroendocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"77","author":"Yliaska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13480","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of thymic neuroendocrine tumours associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: a single-centre study, systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1448","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.02.02","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus and mediastinum","volume":"9","author":"Bohnenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.21.00240","article-title":"Making sense of a complex disease: a practical approach to managing neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnag001"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13249","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13249","article-title":"European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) 2023 guidance paper for digestive neuroendocrine carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Sorbye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09660-2","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing's syndrome due to thymic neuroendocrine tumours: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Guerrero-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120536"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010098","article-title":"Is PET\/CT able to predict histology in thymic epithelial tumors?","volume":"13","author":"Chiappetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264860"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70174","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70174","article-title":"European Society of Neuroendocrine Tumors (ENETS) 2025 guidance paper for lung and thymic carcinoids","volume":"38","author":"Baudin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1484","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.10.83","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus","volume":"9","author":"Filosso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezw107"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx265","article-title":"Results of treatment for thymic neuroendocrine tumours: multicentre clinicopathological study","volume":"26","author":"Ose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2025.04.013","article-title":"Characterization, prognosis, and treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic thymic neuroendocrine tumor: a retrospective study of the French GTE, ENDOCAN, RENATEN, and RYTHMIC networks","volume":"20","author":"Fodil-Cherif","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.0027","article-title":"Thymomas and Thymic Carcinomas, Version 2.2025, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"23","author":"Riely","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-022-02788-w","article-title":"SEOM-GECP-GETTHI clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with thymic epithelial tumours (2021)","volume":"24","author":"Remon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.08.007","article-title":"Surgical, radiation, and systemic treatments of patients with thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"17","author":"Falkson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859335","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.859335","article-title":"Resection of thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma guided by three-dimensional reconstruction: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.8510"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1316158"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13427","article-title":"Everolimus in advanced, progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors: RADIANT-4 lung subgroup analysis","volume":"109","author":"Fazio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0291"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.61","first-page":"C36","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a single-institutional case series","volume":"108","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine Abstracts"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13941-3","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact on survival and quality of life of 177lutetium(Lu)-edotreotide versus everolimus in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the lung and thymus: the LEVEL study (GETNE T-2217)","volume":"25","author":"Capdevila","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv252"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00414","article-title":"Phase-II trials of pazopanib in metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (mNEN): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bongiovanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31815eb7a2"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30496-4"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.67","first-page":"989","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on lung and thymus neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"43","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyaf072","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf072","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of surufatinib in the treatment of thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a 102-case retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403991"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.12.18","article-title":"Novel immunotherapy strategies for treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"5","author":"Al-Toubah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0489"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125635","article-title":"The role of the tumor microenvironment in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"26","author":"Yellapragada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.37349\/etat.2024.00229","article-title":"Immunotherapy in thymic epithelial tumors: tissue predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Luc\u00e0","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor Target Antitumor Ther"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17203377","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy for thymic carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00374-7"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30062-7"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.3184","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for patients with refractory or relapsed thymic epithelial tumor: an open-label phase II trial","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0723-9"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-2212","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis in thymic epithelial tumors: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21037\/med-24-24","article-title":"Current immunotherapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mediastinum"},{"key":"2026092301300527000_35.181.260016.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0016-2026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:30:34Z","timestamp":1790152234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0016-2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"181","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0016-2026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0016-2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}