{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:38:08Z","timestamp":1792640288169,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"173","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchiectasis is a complex and heterogeneous inflammatory chronic respiratory disease with an unknown cause in around 30\u201340% of patients. The presence of airway infection together with chronic inflammation, airway mucociliary dysfunction and lung damage are key components of the vicious vortex model that better describes its pathophysiology. Although bronchiectasis research has significantly increased over the past years and different endotypes have been identified, there are still major gaps in the understanding of the pathophysiology. Genomic approaches may help to identify new endotypes, as has been shown in other chronic airway diseases, such as COPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Different studies have started to work in this direction, and significant contributions to the understanding of the microbiome and proteome diversity have been made in bronchiectasis in recent years. However, the systematic application of omics approaches to identify new molecular insights into the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis (endotypes) is still limited compared with other respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Given the complexity and diversity of these technologies, this review describes the key components of the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis and how genomics can be applied to increase our knowledge, including the study of new techniques such as proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics. Furthermore, we propose that the novel concept of trained innate immunity, which is driven by microbiome exposures leading to epigenetic modifications, can complement our current understanding of the vicious vortex. Finally, we discuss the challenges, opportunities and implications of genomics application in clinical practice for better patient stratification into new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0055-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:21:13Z","timestamp":1719984073000},"page":"240055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Pathophysiology and genomics of bronchiectasis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1624-0012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Perea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Faner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Sibila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31767-7","article-title":"Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity","volume":"392","author":"Flume","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730891","article-title":"Pathophysiology of bronchiectasis","volume":"42","author":"Keir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00777-2021"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12832","article-title":"Aetiology of bronchiectasis in adults: a systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.014","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of bronchiectasis","volume":"116","author":"Suarez-Cuartin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.11.008"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00093-0","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in Europe: data on disease characteristics from the European Bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC)","volume":"11","author":"Chalmers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.9","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inflammation: a two-edged sword \u2013 the model of bronchiectasis","volume":"69","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.09.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of chronic bronchial infection in bronchiectasis","volume":"59","author":"Solarat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00003709"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201809-1651OC","article-title":"Airway bacterial load and inhaled antibiotic response in bronchiectasis","volume":"200","author":"Sibila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0487OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.007"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01953-2017"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30327-4","article-title":"Bronchiectasis in India: results from the European Multicentre Bronchiectasis Audit and Research Collaboration (EMBARC) and Respiratory Research Network of India Registry","volume":"7","author":"Dhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13115"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02086-2016"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1937OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30557-9","article-title":"The sputum microbiome and clinical outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis: a prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Dicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01289-7"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00766-2018"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mac Aog\u00e1in M , Xaverius Ivan F , Jaggi TK , et al. Airway \u2018resistotypes\u2019 and clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202306-1059OC]. doi:10.1164\/RCCM.202306-1059OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1059OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1027OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.9907064","article-title":"Neutrophil-mediated degradation of lung proteoglycans: stimulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sputum of patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"162","author":"Shum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239151","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1239151","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"14","author":"Chalmers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115996","article-title":"Protease\u2013antiprotease imbalance in bronchiectasis","volume":"22","author":"Oriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03157-2020"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00303-2019"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30504-X","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps, disease severity, and antibiotic response in bronchiectasis: an international, observational, multicohort study","volume":"9","author":"Keir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02444-z","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition with brensocatib reduces the activity of all major neutrophil serine proteases in patients with bronchiectasis: results from the WILLOW trial","volume":"24","author":"Cipolla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00494-2021"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212895"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.02.047","article-title":"Low salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor levels are related to airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in bronchiectasis","volume":"164","author":"Perea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00148-2015"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021713","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis","volume":"383","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","article-title":"Characterization of eosinophilic bronchiectasis: a European multicohort study","volume":"205","author":"Shoemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8431","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168431","article-title":"Phenotypic clustering in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients: the role of eosinophils in disease severity","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2020.06.005","article-title":"Repeteability of circulating eosinophil measures and inhaled corticosteroids effect in bronchiectasis. A post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Martinez-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.04.029","article-title":"The U-shaped relationship between eosinophil count and bronchiectasis severity: the effect of inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"164","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.05.016","article-title":"Eosinophils in bronchiectasis: a U-turn for bronchiectasis management","volume":"164","author":"Pollock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2023.104174","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"52","author":"Barbosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2023.03.004","article-title":"Endotypes in bronchiectasis: moving towards precision medicine. A narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0110-2017"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.11.011","article-title":"A cluster analysis of bronchiectasis patients based on the airway immune profile","volume":"159","author":"Perea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0499OC","article-title":"Inflammatory molecular endotypes in bronchiectasis: a European multicenter cohort study","volume":"208","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201802-128AW"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3045"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201507-472OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.5.7735615","article-title":"Ciliary defects in healthy subjects, bronchiectasis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"151","author":"de Iongh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.36.9.654"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/4.1.26"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-1971OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01974.x"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00277-0","article-title":"Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Aliberti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1219OC","article-title":"Airway mucus hyperconcentration in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"201","author":"Ramsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12595","article-title":"Secreted mucins and airway bacterial colonization in non-CF bronchiectasis","volume":"20","author":"Sibila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1409OC","article-title":"Lung clearance index and structural lung disease on computed tomography in early cystic fibrosis","volume":"193","author":"Ramsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200412-1665OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.110908"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1093OC","article-title":"Proximal and distal bronchioles contribute to the pathogenesis of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"209","author":"Asakura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30053-5","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: new therapies and new perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Chalmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00243-X","article-title":"PBB: definition, mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02139-2016"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13950"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1215-1"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.12.005","article-title":"Future directions in bronchiectasis research","volume":"43","author":"Amaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0245PS","article-title":"Omics and the search for blood biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Insights from COPDGene","volume":"61","author":"Regan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polverino E , De Soyza A , Dimakou K , et al. The association between bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: data from the European Bronchiectasis registry (EMBARC). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202309-1614OC]. doi:10.1164\/RCCM.202309-1614OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202309-1614OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2019.12.021","article-title":"RIBRON: the Spanish online bronchiectasis registry. Characterization of the first 1912 patients","volume":"57","author":"Martinez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00328-2018"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70002-5","article-title":"Risk loci for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a genome-wide association study and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0143-2023"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01314-0"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDoa2200279","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200279","article-title":"Lung function of preterm children parsed by a polygenic risk score for adult COPD","volume":"2","author":"Nissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2772657"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00454-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of elexacaftor plus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor versus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: a 24-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3b trial","volume":"10","author":"Sutharsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00769-2023"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00176-2022"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70001-8","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin deficiency and disease severity in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective study","volume":"1","author":"Chalmers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208775"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0638-0"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0273OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0008OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202878"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1311OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02327-2","article-title":"An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Sikkema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0373OC","article-title":"Systemic markers of adaptive and innate immunity are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and spirometric disease progression","volume":"58","author":"Halper-Stromberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0230OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185682"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107381"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0067OC","article-title":"Blood-based transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers of emphysema","volume":"209","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00120-2022"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9175-2","article-title":"Recent progress in mass spectrometry proteomics for biomedical research","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105703","article-title":"Current insights on the impact of proteomics in respiratory allergies","volume":"23","author":"Vizuet-de-Rueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200703-409OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1943OC","article-title":"Endotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and the \u201cchronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u2013bronchiectasis association\u201d","volume":"206","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2351OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01840-2021"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3314"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv330"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1771OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02349-x","article-title":"Proteomics and metabolomics profiling reveal panels of circulating diagnostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes in stable COPD","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01196-8","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of airway host\u2013microbe interactions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identify potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S407335","article-title":"Decreased sphingosine due to down-regulation of acid ceramidase expression in airway of bronchiectasis patients: a potential contributor to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02229-w","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiome and metabolome in adult patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0076-2021"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00218","article-title":"T cell immunity as a tool for studying epigenetic regulation of cellular differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Russ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2474"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2420LE","article-title":"Lung DNA methylation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship with smoking status and airflow limitation severity","volume":"203","author":"Casas-Recasens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas-Recasens S , Cassim R , Mendoza N , et al. Epigenome-wide association studies of COPD and lung function: a systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202302-0231OC]. doi:10.1164\/rccm.202302-0231OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202302-0231OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1025LE","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic associations with pre-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease lung function trajectories","volume":"208","author":"Martino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041892"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2028PP","article-title":"At the root: defining and halting progression of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"197","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00555-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: understanding the contributions of gene\u2013environment interactions across the lifespan","volume":"10","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00845-6"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7310"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.119","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells can remember infection: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"221","author":"Bigot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00349-16"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7274.1435"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.034"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02482-0"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02441"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0893OC","article-title":"Microbial dysregulation of the gut-lung axis in bronchiectasis","volume":"207","author":"Narayana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00461-7","article-title":"GOLD COPD report: 2024 update","volume":"12","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107294","article-title":"When GETomics meets aging and exercise in COPD","volume":"216","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30529-0","article-title":"Lung function trajectories in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Agusti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00020-2021"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30434-4","article-title":"Lung function in early adulthood and health in later life: a transgenerational cohort analysis","volume":"5","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1434OC"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0009-9163.2004.00265.x"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0353OC","article-title":"DNAH11 localization in the proximal region of respiratory cilia defines distinct outer dynein arm complexes","volume":"55","author":"Dougherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwq161"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209931"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066265"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.021","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and features of activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase \u03b4 syndrome: a large patient cohort study","volume":"139","author":"Coulter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404225884000_33.173.240055.141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00543","article-title":"Disease evolution and response to rapamycin in activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase \u03b4 syndrome: the European Society for Immunodeficiencies-Activated Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase \u03b4 Syndrome Registry","volume":"9","author":"Maccari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0055-2024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:07:30Z","timestamp":1740355650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0055-2024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"173","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0055-2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0055-2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}