{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T01:01:00Z","timestamp":1794531660979,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"166","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance is recognised as a global threat to human health by national healthcare agencies, governments and medical societies, as well as the World Health Organization. Increasing resistance to available antimicrobial agents is of concern for bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. One of the greatest concerns is the continuing escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria resulting in the endemic presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens. This concern is heightened by the identification of such MDR\/XDR Gram-negative bacteria in water and food sources, as colonisers of the intestine and other locations in both hospitalised patients and individuals in the community, and as agents of all types of infections. Pneumonia and other types of respiratory infections are among the most common infections caused by MDR\/XDR Gram-negative bacteria and are associated with high rates of mortality. Future concerns are already heightened due to emergence of resistance to all existing antimicrobial agents developed in the past decade to treat MDR\/XDR Gram-negative bacteria and a scarcity of novel agents in the developmental pipeline. This clinical scenario increases the likelihood of a future pandemic caused by MDR\/XDR Gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T05:15:19Z","timestamp":1666156519000},"page":"220068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The threat of multidrug-resistant\/extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory infections: another pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Burnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Vazquez Guillamet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaela","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Yuenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Betthauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Micek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marin H.","family":"Kollef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2717"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.2","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) . COVID-19 has caused 6.9 million deaths globally, more than double what official reports show. www.healthdata.org\/news-release\/covid-19-has-caused-69-million-deaths-globally-more-double-what-official-reports-show Date last accessed: 12 April 2022. Date last updated: 6 May 2021."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.3","unstructured":"Yeyati EL , Filipinni F . Social and Economic Impact of COVID-19. www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Social-and-economic-impact-COVID.pdf Date last accessed: 12 April 2022. Date last updated: 1 June 2021."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.5","unstructured":"United Nations Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance . No Time to Wait: Securing the Future from Drug-Resistant Infections. www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/no-time-to-wait-securing-the-future-from-drug-resistant-infections-en.pdfsfvrsn=5b424d7_6 Date last accessed: 12 April 2022. Date last updated: 1 April 2019."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.6","unstructured":"Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom Department of Health . 2014 Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available from: https:\/\/amr-review.org\/ Date last accessed: 12 April 2022. Date last updated: 31 July 2014."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and prevention . Antibiotic Resistance: A Global Threat. www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/solutions-initiative\/stories\/ar-global-threat.html. Date last accessed: 12 April 2022. Date last updated: 18 February 2020."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz089"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.98","article-title":"Outbreak of endemic carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-specific intensive care unit","volume":"43","author":"Shinohara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6948e1","article-title":"Increase in hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection and colonization in an acute care hospital during a surge in COVID-19 admissions \u2013 New Jersey, February\u2013July 2020","volume":"69","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz074"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005297","article-title":"Increased incidence of ventilator-acquired pneumonia in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a multicentric cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Vacheron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2017.111","article-title":"A prospective one-year microbiologic survey of combined pneumonia and respiratory failure","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.10.005","article-title":"Risk factors for community-onset pneumonia caused by drug-resistant pathogens: a prospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Barreto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00343-20"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021042"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy024"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07154-3","article-title":"Multi-body-site colonization screening cultures for predicting multi-drug resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteremia in hematological patients","volume":"22","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13599","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13599","article-title":"Clinical prediction tool for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacterales as the etiology of a bloodstream infection in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2016.1263173","article-title":"Should the patients colonized with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli (E-GNB) coming to hospital from the community with pneumonia get anti-E-GNB active empirical treatment?","volume":"29","author":"Peterlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0412-3","article-title":"Factors associated with bacteraemia due to multidrug-resistant organisms among bacteraemic patients with multidrug-resistant organism carriage: a case control study","volume":"7","author":"Mascitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.98","article-title":"Variation in empiric coverage versus detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalizations for community-onset pneumonia across 128 US Veterans Affairs Medical Centers","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11607","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia in a multipurpose intensive care unit: one-year prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_487_16","article-title":"Bacteriological profile of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"61","author":"Patro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031039","article-title":"Risk factors for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria carriage upon admission to the intensive care unit","volume":"19","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2383-z"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.12.024","article-title":"A novel algorithm to analyze epidemiology and outcomes of carbapenem resistance among patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"155","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-305OC"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw649"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-015-0061-0"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040415","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance in important Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and novel antibiotic solutions","volume":"10","author":"Kakoullis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab092","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab092","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection","volume":"3","author":"Castanheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-0429-6","article-title":"Molecular diversity of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and carbapenemases, and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"8","author":"Sawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.37","unstructured":"Tamma PD , Aitken SL , Bonomo RA , et al. IDSA Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: Version 1.0. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/practice-guideline\/amr-guidance\/#"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9519718","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9519718","article-title":"The growing genetic and functional diversity of extended spectrum beta-lactamases","volume":"2018","author":"Ur Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02190-12"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12677"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz173"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.43","unstructured":"Tamma PD , Aitken SLL , Bonomo RA , et al. IDSA guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections: version 2.0. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/practice-guideline\/amr-guidance-2.0\/"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw282"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.03.003"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12719"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12655"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S337611","article-title":"Emerging carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection, its epidemiology and novel treatment options: a review","volume":"14","author":"Tilahun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-20","article-title":"New \u03b2-lactam-\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combinations","volume":"34","author":"Yahav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.02.011"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.08.003"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010042","article-title":"It's not easy being green: a narrative review on the microbiology, virulence and therapeutic prospects of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"10","author":"Behzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737288","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.737288","article-title":"Function and inhibitory mechanisms of multidrug efflux pumps","volume":"12","author":"Nishino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.2.462"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00338-07"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis305"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000005337"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000516","article-title":"Using the number needed to treat to assess appropriate antimicrobial therapy as a determinant of outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"42","author":"Vazquez-Guillamet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106184","article-title":"Systematic review of the impact of appropriate versus inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with severe bacterial infections","volume":"56","author":"Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.1.262"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu219"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11862"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.012"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4549","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa926","article-title":"Limitations of registration trials for nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"73","author":"Kollef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab387","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab387","article-title":"Meropenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam for definitive treatment of bloodstream infections caused by AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Providencia spp, or Serratia marcescens: a pilot multicenter randomized controlled trial (MERINO-2)","volume":"8","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0596-8"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1392-4"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.70","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in high-risk neutropenic patients with bacteremia in the era of multidrug resistance","volume":"70","author":"Martinez-Nadal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01635-6","article-title":"The epidemiology and pathogenesis and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: an update","volume":"81","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.10.008","article-title":"A triple antimicrobial regimen for multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit outbreak: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Alanezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2021-002772"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-0682-4","article-title":"Mortality associated with carbapenem-susceptible and Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia","volume":"9","author":"Persoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv23","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab352","article-title":"Current and future perspectives in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections","volume":"76","author":"Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1478"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02243-16"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01008-17"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.05.009"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115227","article-title":"Activity of aztreonam in combination with ceftazidime-avibactam against serine- and metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa511","article-title":"An update on cefepime and its future role in combination with novel \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors for MDR Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"76","author":"Isler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab067","article-title":"Activity of cefepime\/zidebactam (WCK 5222) against \u2018problem\u2019 antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria sent to a national reference laboratory","volume":"76","author":"Mushtaq","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S44377"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky227"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.86","unstructured":"Polyphor . A multicenter, open-label, randomized, active-controlled, parallel group, pivotal study to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of murepavadin combined with one anti-pseudomonal antibiotic versus two anti-pseudomonal antibiotics in adult subjects with ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia suspected or confirmed to be due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PRISM-MDR). NCT03409679 . 2019. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03409679 Date last accessed: 28 March 2022. Date last updated: 29 August 2019."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000539","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody-based therapies for bacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Motley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040155","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies as an antibacterial approach against bacterial pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Zurawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602615"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.1.6.10195"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30995-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of suvratoxumab for prevention of Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia (SAATELLITE): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 pilot trial","volume":"21","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2017.12.006"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31825334f6"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.94","unstructured":"MedImmune . A phase 2 proof-of-concept study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MEDI3902 in mechanically ventilated patients for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. NCT02696902 . https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02696902. Date last accessed: 28 March 2022. Date last updated: 4 February 2021."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2156-1"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.96","unstructured":"Aridis Pharmaceuticals . Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of Aerucin\u00ae as adjunct therapy to antibiotics in the treatment of P. aeruginosa pneumonia. NCT03027609 . https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03027609. Date last accessed: 28 March 2022. Date last updated: 17 March 2022."},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00076","article-title":"Monoclonal IgM antibodies targeting Candida albicans Hyr1 provide cross-kingdom protection against Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Youssef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.12.025","article-title":"Exploring the future of infectious disease treatment in a post-antibiotic era: a comparative review of alternative therapeutics","volume":"24","author":"Streicher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00612-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of phage therapy in difficult-to-treat infections: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Uyttebroek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0839LE","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia and empyema caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"200","author":"Maddocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2014.47.4.040","article-title":"siRNA-mediated gene silencing of MexB from the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"47","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.102","first-page":"782","article-title":"Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PPMO) restores carbapenem susceptibility to NDM-1-positive pathogens in vitro and in vivo","volume":"72","author":"Sully","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510393"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.104","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. Atlanta, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2019. Available from: www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/healthcare\/pdfs\/hospital-core-elements-H.pdf"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200809-1394CP"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202003-188ST","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report in collaboration with the AACN, CHEST, CDC, and SCCM","volume":"17","author":"Wunderink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.01.013","article-title":"Principles and practice of antibiotic stewardship in the ICU","volume":"156","author":"Pickens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw118"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11853"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1938","article-title":"Association of adverse events with antibiotic use in hospitalized patients","volume":"177","author":"Tamma","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2201","article-title":"Duration of exposure to antipseudomonal \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in the critically ill and development of new resistance","volume":"39","author":"Teshome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix411"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202899","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in culture-proven sepsis and outcomes associated with inadequate and broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic use","volume":"3","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.114","first-page":"CD007577","article-title":"Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults","volume":"8","author":"Pugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00057-2019"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1854008"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004783","article-title":"Nosocomial infection","volume":"49","author":"Kollef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/664757"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn218"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318196206b"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.02.007"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00135-20"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03067-2"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1249-7"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L210"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2759-x"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0967-9","article-title":"Selective decontamination and antibiotic resistance in ICUs","volume":"19","author":"Plantinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2197"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2057-2","article-title":"Long-term use of selective digestive decontamination in an ICU highly endemic for bacterial resistance","volume":"22","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00825-16"},{"key":"2024102404070686000_31.166.220068.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30325-0"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:05:35Z","timestamp":1740355535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"166","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0068-2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]}}}