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Determining AAT concentration in serum or plasma and identifying allelic variants by phenotyping or genotyping are fundamental in the diagnosis of AATD. Initial evaluation and annual follow-up measurement of lung function, including post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s and gas transfer inform on disease progression. Lung densitometry is the most sensitive measure of emphysema progression, but must not be use in the follow-up of patients in routine clinical practice. The exogenous administration of purified human serum-derived AAT is the only approved specific treatment for AATD in PiZZ. AAT augmentation therapy is not recommended in PiSZ, PiMZ or current smokers of any protein phenotype, or in patients with hepatic disease. Lung volume reduction and endoscopic bronchial valve placement are useful in selected patients, whereas the survival benefit of lung transplant is unclear. There are several new lines of research in AATD to improve the diagnosis and evaluation of the response to therapy and to develop genetic and regenerative therapies and other treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0073-2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T13:30:53Z","timestamp":1581514253000},"page":"190073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["\u03b1<sub>1<\/sub>-Antitrypsin deficiency and chronic respiratory disorders"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Cazzola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiana","family":"Stolz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Rogliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gabriella","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00062305"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-012-0162-5"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.06.005","article-title":"Novel variants of SERPIN1A gene: interplay between alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"117","author":"Bashir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00610-2017"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.51"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66781-5"},{"key":"2024102403433403000_29.155.190073.7","unstructured":"Stoller JK , Lacbawan FL , Aboussouan LS . 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