{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T09:14:46Z","timestamp":1783502086162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"181","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is a rare inflammatory lung disease that typically responds to systemic glucocorticoids but is frequently complicated by relapses and treatment-related toxicity. In recent years, monoclonal antibodies targeting the interleukin-5 (IL-5) pathway have emerged as effective glucocorticoid-sparing therapies in relapsing or glucocorticoid-dependent chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Alongside these advances, a substantial proportion of patients develops progressive fibrotic changes over time, challenging the traditional view of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia as a fully reversible condition. This narrative review summarises current clinical evidence on the use of anti-IL-5\/IL-5 receptor subunit \u03b1 biologicals in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, examines the emerging phenotype of fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and discusses the mechanistic links between eosinophilic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. We also review experimental and clinical data implicating eosinophils, type 2 cytokines, epithelial alarmins and extracellular traps in fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition, providing a biological rationale for a continuum from inflammation to irreversible lung remodelling. Available data on the use of IL-5-targeted therapies in fibrotic disease are limited, and no prospective studies have specifically addressed this patient population. Conversely, antifibrotic agents such as nintedanib have demonstrated efficacy in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases but have been rarely studied in eosinophilic lung disorders. We propose a phenotype-adapted therapeutic framework in which sustained control of eosinophilic inflammation aims to prevent fibrotic progression in early disease, while antifibrotic therapy may be considered in patients with established or progressive fibrosis. Fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia thus represents a clinical entity at the crossroads between inflammation and fibrosis, requiring individualised management strategies and dedicated future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0076-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:30:25Z","timestamp":1783499425000},"page":"260076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: from inflammation to fibrosis and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Previtero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioele","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ylenia","family":"Padrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Scalvenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Ruzzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Cocconcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaenrica","family":"Tin\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Balestro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Padoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Caminati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Baraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Semenzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-11"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.05.006","article-title":"Eosinophilic pneumonia: a review of the previous literature, causes, diagnosis, and management","volume":"68","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00703-2018"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00336-3","article-title":"Real-life study of mepolizumab in idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"198","author":"Brenard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S343272","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 agents for the treatment of idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a case series","volume":"15","author":"Tashiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.6","first-page":"101062","article-title":"Rapid and sustained effects of a single dose of benralizumab on chronic eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Izumo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.7","first-page":"e2022020","article-title":"Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia evolving to pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective analysis: eosinophilic pneumonia and fibrosis","volume":"39","author":"Baqir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.037","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in hypereosinophilic syndrome: a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"146","author":"Roufosse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04315-8","article-title":"Benralizumab versus placebo for hypereosinophilic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"32","author":"Ogbogu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15544","article-title":"Proposed refined diagnostic criteria and classification of eosinophil disorders and related syndromes","volume":"78","author":"Valent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.100928","article-title":"Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes and rare dysimmune conditions associated with hyper-eosinophilia in practice: an innovative multidisciplinary approach","volume":"17","author":"Caminati","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.09.011"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.06.017","article-title":"A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia successfully treated with mepolizumab","volume":"6","author":"To","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020-5-3","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2020-5-3","article-title":"Mepolizumab: an alternative therapy for idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with glucocorticoid intolerance","volume":"9","author":"Kisling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0468","article-title":"Long-term treatment with anti-interleukin 5 antibodies in a patient with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Shimizu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00810","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.810","article-title":"Benralizumab use in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with eosinophilic bronchiolitis and chronic airway infection","volume":"9","author":"Takano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.02.016","article-title":"Relapsing chronic eosinophilic pneumonia treated successfully with benralizumab","volume":"126","author":"Ricketti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6105","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i18.6105","article-title":"Successful treatment of acute relapse of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with benralizumab and without corticosteroids: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Izhakian","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2023.PA4101"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5578\/tt.202401795","article-title":"Results of omalizumab treatment in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: real-life data","volume":"72","author":"Ba\u015fa Akdo\u011fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberk Toraks"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.21","first-page":"101796","article-title":"A case of relapsing chronic eosinophilic pneumonia treated by omalizumab","volume":"41","author":"Nehme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.22","first-page":"857","article-title":"Dupilumab suppresses relapsing chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with severe asthma","volume":"85","author":"Masumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nagoya J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25096","article-title":"Dupilumab for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"55","author":"Fowler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S207402","article-title":"A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient treated with dupilumab","volume":"15","author":"Menzella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01192","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.1192","article-title":"Eosinophilic pneumonia developed after dupilumab administration in a patient with atopic dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Kanata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2025.2604322","article-title":"When hypereosinophilia occurs during dupilumab therapy: evidence-based strategies for clinical management in respiratory indications","volume":"20","author":"Caminati","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1381261","article-title":"Tezepelumab improved chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in severe asthma patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"Inaba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02868-3","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies in idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: a scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Murillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.29","first-page":"102142","article-title":"The clinical question of mepolizumab in the long-term treatment of idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; how long should we use mepolizumab?","volume":"52","author":"Hamakawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07081541"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10020286"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics5030023","article-title":"Fibrotic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia treated with an anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Semenzato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.1.48"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.35","first-page":"43","article-title":"The role of eosinophils in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"1","author":"Gharaee-Kermani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402582"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908681"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04538-2020"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01048-y"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304046110"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108997","article-title":"A stromal progenitor and ILC2 niche promotes muscle eosinophilia and fibrosis-associated gene expression","volume":"35","author":"Kastenschmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00570"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.11.4449","article-title":"Eosinophil\u2013fibroblast interactions: granule major basic protein interacts with IL-1 and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in the stimulation of lung fibroblast IL-6-type cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Rochester","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410948","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1410948","article-title":"CHI3L1 on fibrinolytic system imbalance in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9660"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02923-x","article-title":"The role of extracellular traps released by neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages in asthma","volume":"25","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073718"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00068712"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13541","article-title":"The potential role of interleukin (IL)-25\/IL-33\/thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104657","article-title":"Full-length IL-33 augments pulmonary fibrosis in an ST2- and Th2-independent, non-transcriptomic fashion","volume":"383","author":"Luzina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01094-6","article-title":"Publisher correction: Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"24","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.53","first-page":"00747-02025","article-title":"Beyond inflammation: alarmins as critical drivers of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Pianigiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-0048-8","article-title":"Possible role of IL-25 in eosinophilic lung inflammation in patients with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"195","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219843827"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315854111"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2023-0434LE","article-title":"The IL-33\/ST2 axis is not required for the profibrotic effect of IL-33 in the lungs","volume":"71","author":"Atamas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1855"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114125","article-title":"Neutrophil degranulation in the lung microenvironment linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis severity and survival","volume":"29","author":"Matson","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.17.3.2733"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00168210"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014350"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.349","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis presenting with concurrent hypereosinophilic syndrome: a case report","volume":"151","author":"Ashraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.06.1925","article-title":"Progressive pulmonary fibrosis and hypereosinophillic syndrome: a challenging clinical presentation","volume":"166","author":"Soin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317974"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15627","article-title":"IL-5 receptor expression in lung fibroblasts: potential role in airway remodeling in asthma","volume":"78","author":"Bajbouj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.024","article-title":"Effect of mepolizumab in airway remodeling in patients with late-onset severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype","volume":"155","author":"Domvri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1335","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1335","article-title":"Pirfenidone use in fibrotic diseases: what do we know so far?","volume":"12","author":"Torre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0452OC"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30341-8","article-title":"Pirfenidone in patients with unclassifiable progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"8","author":"Maher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30554-3","article-title":"Pirfenidone in patients with progressive fibrotic interstitial lung diseases other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (RELIEF): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"9","author":"Behr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00260-0","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pirfenidone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study","volume":"11","author":"Solomon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202103-342OC","article-title":"Pirfenidone in progressive pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ghazipura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.08.021","article-title":"ERS\/EULAR clinical practice guidelines for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease developed by the Task Force for Connective Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Disease of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) Endorsed by the European Reference Network on rare respiratory diseases (ERN-LUNG)","volume":"85","author":"Antoniou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00809-2016"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00766-0"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2017.1339141","article-title":"Effect of nintedanib on airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine chronic asthma model","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Lung Res"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2018.1544641","article-title":"Effect of nintedanib on airway inflammation in a mouse model of acute asthma","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30036-9","article-title":"Nintedanib in patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases\u2014subgroup analyses by interstitial lung disease diagnosis in the INBUILD trial: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial","volume":"8","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-024-00400-y","article-title":"Nintedanib combined with immunosuppressive agents improves forced vital capacity in connective tissue disease-associated PF-ILD: a single-center study","volume":"8","author":"Ushio","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s13665-023-00315-y","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: 8 years on after nintedanib and pirfenidone approval\u2014what is on the horizon?","volume":"12","author":"Castelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pulmonol Rep"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2024-0614OC","article-title":"Insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the antifibrotic effects of nerandomilast","volume":"73","author":"Reininger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9410279"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00237-2020"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059020-00004"},{"key":"2026070801301448000_35.181.260076.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2503643"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0076-2026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:30:32Z","timestamp":1783499432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0076-2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"181","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0076-2026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0076-2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}