{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:58:51Z","timestamp":1769720331839,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"146","content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present review we provide currently available evidence for the use of macrolides in the treatment of diffuse interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Up to now, research on macrolides has mainly focused on three areas. First, macrolides have shown some promising results in cellular models and case reports as antifibrotic agents, by promoting autophagy and clearance of intracellular protein aggregates and acting as regulators of surfactant homeostasis. Secondly, macrolides have an immunomodulatory effect, which has been applied in some organising pneumonia cases. In particular, macrolides have been tested in association with systemic corticosteroids as steroid-sparing agents and alone as either first-line agents in mild cases or second-line agents where steroids were poorly tolerated or had failed. Thirdly, a recent area of research concerns the possible role of macrolides as modulators of lung microbiota and the host\u2013microbiota interaction. This function has been particularly studied in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, in whom changes in microbiota have been proved to be associated with disease progression. However, the lack of high-quality studies makes the application of macrolide therapy in ILDs a field in which research should be conducted on a large scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T01:10:39Z","timestamp":1512609039000},"page":"170082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Long-term macrolides in diffuse interstitial lung diseases"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Faverio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Vaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Pesci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.05.009","article-title":"Macrolides: new therapeutic perspectives in lung diseases","volume":"43","author":"Guillot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00069307"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-313OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00382.2007"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001603"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0724-8"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00242.2009"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2546"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00089407"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009988"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201402-052PL"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205826"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.4.7551388"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2008.01.001"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-354OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1413OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0655OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-19"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.05.042"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007302"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201302-0341OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800353"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202917"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00000713"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201403-0541OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1013660"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.5827"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70069-4"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1408OC"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1525OC","article-title":"Microbes are associated with host innate immune response in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"196","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0511-3","article-title":"Changes in the respiratory microbiome during acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Molyneaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202403"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.33","first-page":"242","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of macrolide treatment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective analysis","volume":"33","author":"Kuse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.83972"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.35","first-page":"420","article-title":"Effects of doxycycline on production of growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"81","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0020TR"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201506-1063ST"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.01.004"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00013505"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000175521.41729.07"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.10.014"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00496.x","article-title":"Increased macrophage inflammatory protein-1\u03b1 and -1\u03b2 in BAL fluid of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Asano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.10.1.8292374","article-title":"Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: increased expression of interleukin-8 and fibronectin genes by alveolar macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Carr\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/61953","article-title":"Clarithromycin decreases IL-6 concentration in serum and BAL fluid in patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Radzikowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.40.65","article-title":"Low-dose\/long-term erythromycin for treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)","volume":"40","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kurume Med J"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3611"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.1_Supplement.32S"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.1.123"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.43.207","article-title":"Neutrophil chemotactic activity in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and the response to erythromycin","volume":"43","author":"Hotta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kurume Med J"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2678","article-title":"Erythromycin inhibits transcriptional activation of NF-\u03baB, but not NFAT, through calcineurin-independent signaling in T cells","volume":"43","author":"Aoki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2183","article-title":"Macrolide therapy in cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: a case report and literature review","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2011.02766.x","article-title":"Successful salvage treatment of steroid-refractory bronchiolar COP with low-dose macrolides","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201308-261CR","article-title":"Macrolide use leads to clinical and radiological improvement in patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Pathak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2786"},{"key":"2024102403313426000_26.146.170082.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00430.x"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T04:59:37Z","timestamp":1740373177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"146","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0082-2017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]}}}