{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:07:39Z","timestamp":1793884059444,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"175","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transient tachypnoea of the neonate (TTN) is the commonest neonatal respiratory disorder, but it is quite mild and so has been the subject of relatively little academic and educational work. Recent animal studies and the introduction of new bedside monitoring techniques (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>quantitative lung ultrasound and electrical cardiometry) have clarified its pathogenesis. Given its high incidence, TTN is a relevant public health issue and its clinical management should be considered in an era of resource constraints. This review focuses on the latest data on TTN in terms of its pathophysiology, biology, diagnosis, imaging, therapy and cost-effectiveness, so as to optimise clinical care at the bedside. The need for a new pathophysiology-based definition of TTN is also highlighted and the available therapeutics are analysed considering the associated public health issues. This updated knowledge can help to improve the management of TTN and impact positively on its relevant public health consequences. This is particularly important since the mortality of TTN is virtually nil and so cannot be used to evaluate any clinical innovation. We also aim to give some practical guidance for the real-world clinical management of TTN and contribute to the training of neonatologists who care for TTN patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0112-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T09:50:40Z","timestamp":1738749040000},"page":"240112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Transient tachypnoea: new concepts on the commonest neonatal respiratory disorder"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Costanza","family":"Neri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3846-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30073-0","article-title":"Managing neonates with respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"4","author":"De Luca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.2","first-page":"102450","article-title":"Critical care of severe bronchiolitis during shortage of ICU resources","volume":"69","author":"De Luca","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinMed"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2012.02.002"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09060.x","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory morbidity and mode of delivery at term: influence of timing of elective caesarean section","volume":"102","author":"Morrison","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14a26.x"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0018"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0402","article-title":"The neonatal respiratory morbidity associated with early term caesarean section \u2013 an emerging pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2952"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2760"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: final data for 2017","volume":"67","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2012.01.007"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41892","DOI":"10.2196\/41892","article-title":"Alarming trends of cesarean section\u2013time to rethink: evidence from a large-scale cross-sectional sample survey in India","volume":"25","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.10.013","article-title":"Risk assessment for neonatal RDS\/TTN using gestational age and the amniotic lamellar body count in twin pregnancies","volume":"451","author":"Tsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30214-X","article-title":"The Montreux definition of neonatal ARDS: biological and clinical background behind the description of a new entity","volume":"5","author":"De Luca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878536","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.878536","article-title":"Evaluating clinical outcomes and physiological perspectives in studies investigating respiratory support for babies born at term with or at risk of transient tachypnea: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"McGillick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0114-9"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.29-11-e59"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20481"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002057","article-title":"Transient tachypnea of the newborn is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"38","author":"Heinonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.02.021"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-00989-0","article-title":"the multifaceted burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in young children on the family: a European study","volume":"13","author":"Trautmannsberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1966.02090070078010"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3212"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002961","article-title":"Epidemiology of neonatal ARDS: prospective, multicenter, international cohort study","volume":"23","author":"De Luca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.6-6-e255","article-title":"Lung fluid balance during development","volume":"6","author":"Bland","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeoReviews"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.11.037","article-title":"Evolution of ultrasound-assessed lung aeration and gas exchange in respiratory distress syndrome and transient tachypnea of the neonate","volume":"256","author":"Pezza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05507-5","article-title":"Thoracic fluid content (TFC) using electrical cardiometry versus lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of transient tachypnea of newborn","volume":"183","author":"EL-Fattah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03361-8","article-title":"Tools for assessing lung fluid in neonates with respiratory distress","volume":"22","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03025-z","article-title":"Fluid handling and blood flow patterns in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome versus transient tachypnea: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0784-x","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the normal fetal lung","volume":"18","author":"Balassy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.59"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-013-9475-3"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.04.023"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1473-2","article-title":"Evaluation of surfactant function at birth determined by the stable microbubble test in term and near-term infants with respiratory distress","volume":"163","author":"Fiori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000513783"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2413446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.13446","article-title":"Quantitative lung ultrasonography to guide surfactant therapy in neonates born late preterm and later","volume":"7","author":"De Luca","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1040-z"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0757-3"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.425"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2023.12.002","article-title":"Preterm birth affects both surfactant synthesis and lung liquid resorption actors in fetal sheep","volume":"506","author":"Orlandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00602","article-title":"Aquaporine-5 and epithelial sodium channel \u03b2-subunit gene expression in gastric aspirates in human term newborns","volume":"4","author":"Castorena-Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.43","first-page":"38","article-title":"The impact of maternal asthma on the fetal lung: outcomes, mechanisms and interventions","volume":"51","author":"Robinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.44","first-page":"345","article-title":"Immature epithelial Na+ channel expression is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to human neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"108","author":"O'Brodovich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.03.013"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002237"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.023"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.071702.145229"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.49","first-page":"R104","article-title":"Regulation of lung liquid secretion by arginine vasopressin in fetal sheep","volume":"258","author":"Wallace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-470CP"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000125623.56442.20"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.52","first-page":"L414","article-title":"Impact of \u03b2-adrenergic agonist on Na+ channel and Na+-K+-ATPase expression in alveolar type II cells","volume":"275","author":"Minakata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097454"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000005026","article-title":"Global and regional heterogeneity of lung aeration in neonates with different respiratory disorders: a physiological, observational study","volume":"141","author":"Loi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000495911","article-title":"A multicenter lung ultrasound study on transient tachypnea of the neonate","volume":"115","author":"Raimondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003757"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151797","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1797","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography score to evaluate oxygenation and surfactant need in neonates treated with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"169","author":"Brat","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04488-7","article-title":"Semi-quantitative lung ultrasound score during ground transportation of outborn neonates with respiratory failure","volume":"181","author":"Ollier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-0979-0","article-title":"Porcine vs bovine surfactant therapy for preterm neonates with RDS: systematic review with biological plausibility and pragmatic meta-analysis of respiratory outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Tridente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1267-8","article-title":"Porcine versus bovine surfactant therapy for RDS in preterm neonates: pragmatic meta-analysis and review of physiopathological plausibility of the effects on extra-pulmonary outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Foligno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01122-6","article-title":"High CPAP vs. NIPPV in preterm neonates \u2013 a physiological cross-over study","volume":"41","author":"Mukerji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1265931","article-title":"Use of high noninvasive respiratory support pressures in preterm neonates: a single-center experience","volume":"30","author":"Binmanee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.63","first-page":"848","article-title":"High frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV). Principles and technique","volume":"69","author":"Lucangelo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05128-4","article-title":"The effect of non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on the duration of non-invasive respiratory support in late preterm and term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Baldan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21354"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2054-7"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22511"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0227LE"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003096","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in emergency and critically ill patients","volume":"132","author":"Arbelot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03603-w","article-title":"Introduction of point-of-care neonatal lung ultrasound in a developing country","volume":"179","author":"Mazmanyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.11.013"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.65","article-title":"Stroke volume and cardiac output evaluation by electrical cardiometry: accuracy and reference nomograms in hemodynamically stable preterm neonates","volume":"36","author":"Boet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24014","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of nasal mask versus binasal prongs for providing continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Jasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24312","article-title":"High continuous positive airway pressure in neonates: a physiological study","volume":"54","author":"Mukerji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-03010-x","article-title":"Effect of different CPAP levels on ultrasound-assessed lung aeration and gas exchange in neonates","volume":"25","author":"Sartorius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24358","article-title":"Mechanics of nasal mask-delivered HFOV in neonates: a physiologic study","volume":"54","author":"Centorrino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23403"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.066","article-title":"Physiological effect of prone position in children with severe bronchiolitis: a randomized cross-over study (BRONCHIO-DV)","volume":"205","author":"Baudin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.79","first-page":"101791","article-title":"Respiratory and haemodynamic effects of 6h-pronation in neonates recovering from respiratory distress syndrome, or affected by acute respiratory distress syndrome or evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a prospective, physiological, crossover, controlled cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Loi","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinMed"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270115","article-title":"Impact of land-based neonatal transport on outcomes in transient tachypnea of the newborn","volume":"28","author":"Karagol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2022.101398","article-title":"Telemedicine across the continuum of neonatal\u2013perinatal care","volume":"27","author":"Chuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X15589478"},{"issue":"\u2013","key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.83","first-page":"954","article-title":"Innovations and adaptations in neonatal and pediatric respiratory care for resource constrained settings","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-89"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.045","article-title":"Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes: a cost analysis","volume":"202","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.4.670","article-title":"Severe respiratory failure after elective repeat cesarean delivery: a potentially preventable condition leading to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"89","author":"Keszler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04941-1","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial function in late preterm and term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn using tissue Doppler imaging \u2013 a pilot observational study","volume":"182","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002878","article-title":"Hospital charges associated with critical bronchiolitis from 2009 to 2019","volume":"23","author":"Slain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.02.013","article-title":"Lecithin\/sphingomyelin ratio and lamellar body count for fetal lung maturity: a meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Besnard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113059"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.02.012","article-title":"Lung consolidation depth and gas exchange in different types of neonatal respiratory failure. The UNION multicenter study","volume":"165","author":"De Luca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441363"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2005029","article-title":"Endogenous surfactant turnover in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome studied with stable isotope lipids","volume":"163","author":"Cavicchioli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2787-9"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2251-6238","article-title":"Validation of a costing algorithm and cost drivers for neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Jabbour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236695","article-title":"The effectiveness of the neonatal diagnosis-related group scheme","volume":"15","author":"Montefiori","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.97","unstructured":"Agence Technique de l'Information sur l'Hospitalisation . R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel de co\u00fbt des unit\u00e9s d\u2019\u0153uvres. Date last accessed: 2 May 2024. www.scansante.fr\/applications\/cout-dunites-doeuvre#"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.98","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care . Reference costs 2015\u20132016. Date last accessed: 2 May 2024. Date last updated: 15 December 2016. www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/nhs-reference-costs-2015-to-2016"},{"key":"2025020501500521000_34.175.240112.99","unstructured":"Oblikue Consulting . Base de datos de costes sanitarios eSalud 2016. Date last accessed: 2 May 2024. https:\/\/esalud.oblikue.com"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0112-2024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:08:33Z","timestamp":1740373713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0112-2024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0112-2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0112-2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}