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As opposed to linear accelerator (linac)-based (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>gating) and free-breathing techniques, CyberKnife\u00ae with Synchrony\u00ae technology allows accurate radiation delivery by means of a real-time respiratory motion tracking system using, in most cases, metal fiducial markers (FMs) placed in the vicinity of the target. The aims of this review are as follows. First, to describe the safety and efficacy of the transthoracic, endovascular and endobronchial FM insertion techniques for peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). Second, to analyse performance in terms of the migration and tracking rates of different FM types. Recent developments in FM tracking for central lesions will also be reviewed. In conclusion, for PPLs, the endobronchial approach provides a low rate of pneumothorax, offers the possibility of concurrent diagnostic sampling for both the PPL and the lymph nodes, and, finally, reduces the intervention time compared to other techniques. In this context, coil-tailed and coil-spring FMs have shown the lowest migration rate with a consequently high tracking rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0149-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:35:25Z","timestamp":1641980125000},"page":"210149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Fiducial markers for stereotactic lung radiation therapy: review of the transthoracic, endovascular and endobronchial approaches"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Casutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9my","family":"Kinj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esat-Mahmut","family":"Ozsahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"von Garnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alban","family":"Lovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102404004650000_31.163.210149.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.12.066"},{"key":"2024102404004650000_31.163.210149.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153303461000900502"},{"key":"2024102404004650000_31.163.210149.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00568","article-title":"Single-isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy vs Cyberknife M6 for stereotactic radiosurgery of multiple brain metastases","volume":"10","author":"El Shafie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2024102404004650000_31.163.210149.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.06.2048","article-title":"Predictive parameters of Cyberknife fiducial-less (XSight Lung) applicability for treatment of early non-small cell lung cancer: a single-center experience","volume":"87","author":"Bahig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2024102404004650000_31.163.210149.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2018.11.003","article-title":"Tracking, gating, free-breathing, which technique to use for lung stereotactic treatments? 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