{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:05:57Z","timestamp":1790154357041,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"181","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an essential micronutrient, but its redox reactivity also renders it potentially toxic. The lungs are particularly vulnerable to iron-dependent oxidative injury due to continuous exposure to high oxygen tension, environmental particles, and microbial pathogens. Pulmonary iron homeostasis is therefore tightly regulated at systemic, cellular, and local levels through coordinated actions of transferrin, ferritin, ferroportin, hepcidin, and the iron responsive element\/iron regulatory protein system. Disruption of these pathways contributes to a broad spectrum of pulmonary diseases. In COPD, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, infectious lung diseases, and lung cancer, iron dysregulation promotes oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, aberrant repair, vascular remodelling, or pathogen persistence. Notably, systemic iron deficiency may coexist with local pulmonary iron overload, highlighting the compartmentalised nature of lung iron metabolism. Emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that therapeutic manipulation of iron availability through supplementation, chelation or targeting iron-dependent pathways may be beneficial in selected contexts. A deeper mechanistic understanding and improved biomarkers will be essential for developing disease-specific iron-modulating strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0160-2026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:30:15Z","timestamp":1790152215000},"page":"260160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron and the lung: emerging roles of iron metabolism in pulmonary disease pathogenesis and therapy"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Galaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Toumpanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Galaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Vassilakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Pantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92033-2_1","article-title":"BioIron: origin, chemical properties, and biological functions","volume":"1480","author":"Pantopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.118535"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1354859"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02327-2"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141514"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01033.x"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-334OC"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00475-2022"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.10.010"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166204","article-title":"Iron deposition-induced ferroptosis in alveolar type II cells promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"1867","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02078-0","article-title":"Emerging roles of ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis: current perspectives, opportunities and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2025.2471579","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of ECM homeostasis, fibroblast activation and invasion for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Tomos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103893","article-title":"FOXF1 and SHH participate in the regulation of iron signaling in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00928-2","article-title":"Iron accumulation drives fibrosis, senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype","volume":"5","author":"Maus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1150028"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.16","first-page":"2037","article-title":"Protective effects of inhibiting pericyte ferroptosis on pulmonary vascular barrier function in septic rats","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Army Med Univ"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103353","article-title":"Role of Hippo\/ACSL4 axis in ferroptosis-induced pericyte loss and vascular dysfunction in sepsis","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L877","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00296.2024","article-title":"Lung endothelial cell heterogeneity in health and pulmonary vascular disease","volume":"328","author":"Mora Massad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564627","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1564627","article-title":"The vascular endothelium as decision maker in lung injury","volume":"13","author":"Klein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44122-6","article-title":"The effect of circulating iron on barrier integrity of primary human endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Madsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4683","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-4683","article-title":"Iron overload disrupts alveolar-capillary tight junctions via oxidative stress in a murine model","volume":"146","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00259.2013"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81113"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000348"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153100","article-title":"Iron deficiency and overload modulate the inflammatory responses and metabolism of alveolar macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Perng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132964","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132964","article-title":"Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: the macrophage \u201cferrostat\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Winn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.03.007"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742761","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1742761","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and macrophage polarization in pulmonary fibrosis: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096285"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3166"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2408348","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408348","article-title":"Iron deficiency impairs dendritic cell development and function, compromising host anti-infection capacity","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk4728","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk4728","article-title":"Iron controls the development of airway hyperreactivity by regulating ILC2 metabolism and effector function","volume":"16","author":"Hurrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102284","article-title":"T-cell\u2013B-cell collaboration in the lung","volume":"81","author":"Naderi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016201"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01193-y","article-title":"Iron and the immune system","volume":"25","author":"Frost","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859922","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.859922","article-title":"Iron-deficiency in atopic diseases: innate immune priming by allergens and siderophores","volume":"3","author":"Roth-Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100866"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92033-2_6","article-title":"Dietary iron absorption: biochemical and nutritional aspects","volume":"1480","author":"Frazer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00648-1"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-043021-032816"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00176"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.05.003"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01221","article-title":"The biology of lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein that can help defend against viruses and bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Kell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00450.2005"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.45","first-page":"L933","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells demonstrate lactoferrin receptors that increase after metal exposure","volume":"276","author":"Ghio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00154.2005"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022007867","article-title":"A mouse model characterizes the roles of ZIP8 in systemic iron recycling and lung inflammation and infection","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00342.2005"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.18.5.2948","article-title":"Retention and intracellular distribution of instilled iron oxide particles in human alveolar macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Lay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00301","article-title":"Quartz disrupts iron homeostasis in alveolar macrophages to impact a pro-inflammatory effect","volume":"32","author":"Ghio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00456.2004"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.814"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.012"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00804","article-title":"Pulmonary iron homeostasis in hepcidin knockout mice","volume":"8","author":"Deschemin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.04.036","article-title":"Disruption of the hepcidin\/ferroportin regulatory system causes pulmonary iron overload and restrictive lung disease","volume":"20","author":"Neves","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25049"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-841197"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1822010116"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901284"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0470-8"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-013-9632-4"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S132612","article-title":"Markers of oxidative\/nitrosative stress and inflammation in lung tissue of rats exposed to different intravenous iron compounds","volume":"11","author":"Toblli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589351","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.589351","article-title":"Mild attenuation of the pulmonary inflammatory response in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis type 4","volume":"11","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1737-y","article-title":"Air-blood barrier thickening and alterations of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells in mouse lungs with disrupted hepcidin\/ferroportin regulatory system","volume":"151","author":"M\u00fchlfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000092344"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30784-9","article-title":"Pulmonary function in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia and its associations with iron overload","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.56.9.737"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00470-6"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1986.9935765"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2015.1043519","article-title":"Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the potential role of iron deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Vasquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0311PP"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67047-w","article-title":"Increased airway iron parameters and risk for exacerbation in COPD: an analysis from SPIROMICS","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-01929-7","article-title":"Iron in airway macrophages and infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10991-7"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.09.004"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0011OC"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024395"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-24","article-title":"The role of IREB2 and transforming growth factor beta-1 genetic variants in COPD: a replication case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Chappell","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2012.104","article-title":"Association of IREB2 and CHRNA3\/5 polymorphisms with COPD and COPD-related phenotypes in a Chinese Han population","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0210OC","article-title":"IREB2 and GALC are associated with pulmonary artery enlargement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4021"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2024-0286OC","article-title":"Iron regulatory protein 2 deficiency is protective against resistive breathing-induced pulmonary inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Toumpanakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02125-0"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S394717","article-title":"Increased risk of anemia in patients with asthma","volume":"15","author":"Rhew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117545"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01340-2019"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362156","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1362156","article-title":"Causal relationship between iron deficiency anemia and asthma: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705751"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5401"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-37"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03479-0","article-title":"Downregulation of SLC40A1 leads to iron accumulation in fibrotic lung fibroblasts","volume":"27","author":"Dang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102509","article-title":"Inhibition of ferroptosis and iron accumulation alleviates pulmonary fibrosis in a bleomycin model","volume":"57","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C779","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00140.2025","article-title":"SPP1 regulates alveolar type 2 cell-macrophage cross talk and epithelial cell fate in iron-driven lung fibrosis","volume":"329","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201809-1775OC"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00745-6"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92002","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92002","article-title":"Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia","volume":"2","author":"Michels","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001471","article-title":"Airway epithelial hepcidin coordinates lung macrophages and immunity against bacterial pneumonia","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010562","article-title":"Iron homeostasis during anemia of inflammation: a prospective study of patients with tuberculosis","volume":"138","author":"Cercamondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.01.004"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00154006"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.10.004","article-title":"Hepcidin-mediated hypoferremia disrupts immune responses to vaccination and infection","volume":"2","author":"Frost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5384"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01754-8"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e492","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000492","article-title":"Hypoferremia is associated with increased hospitalization and oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients","volume":"4","author":"Hippchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01546-2","article-title":"Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients\u2019 performance: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Sonnweber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071364","article-title":"Hyperferritinemia, low circulating iron and elevated hepcidin may negatively impact outcome in COVID-19 patients: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Szabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26027","article-title":"Hepcidin levels predict COVID-19 severity and mortality in a cohort of hospitalized Italian patients","volume":"96","author":"Nai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03051-w","article-title":"Systemic hypoferremia and severity of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48055-0"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01204-2","article-title":"Ferroptosis and pyroptosis signatures in critical COVID-19 patients","volume":"30","author":"Peleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30510-1","article-title":"Functional effects of the microbiota in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"7","author":"Budden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01722-y"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00019-2025","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00019-2025","article-title":"Extracellular iron and the lung microbiome in smoking and COPD","volume":"11","author":"Healy","year":"2025","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.057"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020477","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a deep dive into the mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Quatredeniers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052333","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pulmonary hypertension \u2013 prevalence, impact on prognosis and disease burden in pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary hypertension related to hypoxia: a review","volume":"27","author":"O\u0142dakowska","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02288-1","article-title":"Anaemia, iron homeostasis and pulmonary hypertension: a review","volume":"15","author":"Sonnweber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01884-9","article-title":"Prognostic impact of hypochromic erythrocytes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Xanthouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02122.x"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.12.023"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-026-03592-8","article-title":"Reduced gastrointestinal iron uptake in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Repsold","year":"2026","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12242","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12242","article-title":"Is iron deficiency caused by BMPR2 mutations or dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients?","volume":"13","author":"Theobald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.147272"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.160960"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12220"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305265"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0094-2017"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.016"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.007"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-03-492454"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183247","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.183247","article-title":"IRP1 deficiency alters mitochondrial metabolism and protects against metabolic syndrome pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2026","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92033-2_18","article-title":"Iron and cancer","volume":"1480","author":"Torti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00322.2015"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1528-y"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950701)76:1<20::AID-CNCR2820760104>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081715","article-title":"Identification of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) overexpressed in lung cancer cells, and internalization of magnetic Au-CoFe2O4 core-shell nanoparticles functionalized with its ligand in a cellular model of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)","volume":"14","author":"Villalobos-Manzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29879","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029879","article-title":"Mendelian randomization study indicates lack of causal associations between iron status and lung cancer","volume":"101","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127060","article-title":"Role of iron biomarkers and iron intakes in lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45518","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045518","article-title":"Investigating the genetic causal link between iron regulation and lung cancer risk: a 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"104","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24637"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl210"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010163"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00711-2016"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00616-2020"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682217"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.233"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1131OC","article-title":"Supplementation with iron in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Two randomized crossover trials","volume":"18","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000577"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02022-5","article-title":"Iron overload-dependent ferroptosis aggravates LPS-induced acute lung injury by impairing mitochondrial function","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520951015","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520951015","article-title":"Deferasirox, an iron-chelating agent, alleviates acute lung inflammation by inhibiting neutrophil activation and extracellular trap formation","volume":"48","author":"Kono","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp426"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32338"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2025.08.003","article-title":"Tackling microbial iron homeostasis: novel antimicrobial strategies","volume":"46","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.019","article-title":"Lactoferrin reduces the risk of respiratory tract infections: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.12.004"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2079OC","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of vascular remodeling and right heart failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension with a HIF-2\u03b1 inhibitor","volume":"198","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102272","article-title":"Deferasirox's anti-chemoresistance and anti-metastatic effect on non-small cell lung carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Delgado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.081893"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2025.2551030","article-title":"Pseudohypoxia induced by iron chelator activates tumor immune response in lung cancer","volume":"59","author":"Hamada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12572","article-title":"Blocking transferrin receptor inhibits the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S192219"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2026.112403","article-title":"Ferroptosis in lung cancer: emerging mechanisms, therapeutic targeting, and immune modulation","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527752","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2025.2527752","article-title":"Nanomedicine initiates ferroptosis for enhanced lung cancer therapy","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2026092301300748000_35.181.260160.165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11025","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08335","article-title":"Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles reprogram the tumor microenvironment and reduce lung cancer regrowth after crizotinib treatment","volume":"18","author":"Horvat","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0160-2026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:30:27Z","timestamp":1790152227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0160-2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"181","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0160-2026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0160-2026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}