{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1793360751820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"176","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survivors of preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks' gestation) have low peak oxygen uptake, a global measure of aerobic fitness and an established predictor of increased morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about other cardiopulmonary outcome measures in this population. We addressed the hypothesis that preterm birth is associated with abnormal respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise, as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing,<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six databases were systematically searched up to 29 November 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42022320775). Studies reporting cardiopulmonary outcome measures obtained during a standardised exercise test were included if they had preterm-born participants and matched term-born controls. The standardised mean difference (SMD) between pooled preterm-born and term-born cohorts was calculated using random-effects models for the meta-analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 12\u2009143 records identified, 47 cohorts were included in the final meta-analysis. At peak exercise, the preterm-born cohort (n=2149) demonstrated lower oxygen uptake (SMD \u22120.39, 95% CI \u22120.52 to \u22120.26), work rate (SMD \u22120.53, 95% CI \u22120.70 to \u22120.35), minute ventilation (SMD \u22120.43, 95% CI \u22120.60 to \u22120.26), tidal volume (SMD \u22120.38, 95% CI \u22120.62 to \u22120.15), oxygen pulse (SMD \u22120.47, 95% CI \u22120.75 to \u22120.19), heart rate (SMD \u22120.18, 95% CI \u22120.28 to \u22120.07), anaerobic threshold (SMD \u22120.29, 95% CI \u22120.49 to \u22120.08) and gas exchange efficiency (SMD 0.22, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.41), compared to the term-born cohort (n=1650).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to a reduced peak oxygen uptake, survivors of preterm birth have impairments in the respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic domains during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Given that reduced aerobic capacity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, exercise interventions that target cardiorespiratory fitness should be prioritised across the lifespan in those born preterm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:25:12Z","timestamp":1750235112000},"page":"240163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Physiological responses to exercise in survivors of preterm birth: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0436-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael L.","family":"Beaven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4384-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James T.D.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Course","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hixson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Maiorana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Zuidersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sailesh","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon J.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30064-6","article-title":"Lung function trajectories throughout childhood in survivors of very preterm birth: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00272-2","article-title":"Unravelling the respiratory health path across the lifespan for survivors of preterm birth","volume":"2","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.3","first-page":"867","article-title":"Geographical differences and temporal improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1\u2005s of preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Kotecha","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00046-2023"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0151-2024"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01387-9","article-title":"Increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption in adult survivors of preterm birth","volume":"90","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.8","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Cardiovascular morbidities in adults born preterm: getting to the heart of the matter","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.9","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30108-7","article-title":"Gestational age at birth and mortality from infancy into mid-adulthood: a national cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23117","article-title":"Effect of preterm birth on exercise capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.12","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Exercise capacity in very low birth weight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Poole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04952-y","article-title":"Impact of premature birth on cardiopulmonary function in later life","volume":"182","author":"Weigelt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2173ED","article-title":"Reduced aerobic exercise capacity in adults born at very low birth weight: no small matter","volume":"205","author":"Lovering","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281848","article-title":"Physiological aspects of cardiopulmonary dysanapsis on exercise in adults born preterm","volume":"600","author":"Duke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04530-2","article-title":"Lung abnormalities do not influence aerobic capacity in school children born preterm","volume":"121","author":"O'Dea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04480-9","article-title":"Blunted cardiac output response to exercise in adolescents born preterm","volume":"120","author":"Haraldsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa060","article-title":"Impaired myocardial reserve underlies reduced exercise capacity and heart rate recovery in preterm-born young adults","volume":"22","author":"Huckstep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089917","article-title":"Acute and chronic cardiac adaptations in adults born preterm","volume":"107","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2018.PA557"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202103-0755OC","article-title":"Reduced exercise capacity in adults born at very low birth weight: a population-based cohort study","volume":"205","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.22","unstructured":"Sietsema KE , Sue DY , Stringer WW , et al. Wasserman & Whipp's Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation, 6th Edn. Philadelphia, PA, Wolters Kluwer, 2021."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00659","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of exercise ventilatory efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.26","unstructured":"Harrer M , Cuijpers P , Furukawa T , et al. dmetar: Companion R Package for the Guide \u2018Doing Meta-Analysis in R. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/dmetar.protectlab.org\/"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer M , Cuijpers P , Furukawa TA , et al. Doing Meta-Analysis With R: a Hands-On Guide. 1st edn. Boca Raton, FL, Chapman & Hall\/CRC Press, 2021.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.28","unstructured":"Higgins J , Thomas J , Chandler J , et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3. London, Cochrane, 2022. Available from: https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.29","unstructured":"Deeks J , Higgins J , Altman DG . Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT , Thomas J , Chandler J , et al. , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). London, Cochrane, 2023."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.30","unstructured":"Wells GA , Shea B , O'Connell D , et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp Date last updated: 3 May 2021."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.32","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory capacity assessment on children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"11","author":"Abreu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz Jo Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80004-5"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01958761"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.15.1.44","article-title":"School-age lung function and exercise capacity in former very low birth weight infants","volume":"15","author":"Barker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0858OC"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201509-578OC"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201309-311OC"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13080","article-title":"Adolescents who were born extremely preterm demonstrate modest decreases in exercise capacity","volume":"104","author":"Clemm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26019"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00437"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.42","unstructured":"Delfrate J . Impact de la Pr\u00e9maturit\u00e9 et de la Dysplasie Broncho-Pulmonaire sur les \u00c9changes Gazeux et la Fonction Cardio-Pulmonaire au D\u00e9cours d'un Exercice Maximal Chez de Jeunes Adultes [Impact of Prematurity and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia on Gas Exchange and Cardiopulmonary Function During Maximal Exercise in Young Adults] [Master's Thesis]. Montreal, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, 2017. Available from: https:\/\/publications.polymtl.ca\/2554\/"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086588"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780045","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.780045","article-title":"Left vocal cord paralysis, lung function and exercise capacity in young adults born extremely preterm with a history of neonatal patent ductus arteriosus surgery \u2013 a national cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Engan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.10.008"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.46","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise performance of children born non-extremely preterm","volume":"11","author":"Fouzas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson A-MF , Cheong J , Roberts G , et al. Maximal exercise abnormalities in extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight survivors at 18 years compared to term, normal birth weight controls [Conference abstract]. Respirology 2012; 17: Suppl. 1, 79.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_MeetingAbstracts.A1206"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04075-z"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00022"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101547","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in childhood in late preterms: comparison to early preterms and term-born controls","volume":"12","author":"Hochwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.09.040"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.52","unstructured":"Kaiser CR . Aerobic Fitness and the Renin Angiotensin System in Adolescents Born Preterm With Very Low Birth Weight [Master's Thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC, Wake Forest University, 2016. Available from: https:\/\/wakespace.lib.wfu.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/10339\/59313\/Kaiser_wfu_0248M_10901.pdf"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1562"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0761-8425(08)71549-3"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.55","first-page":"239","article-title":"Pulmonary function, oxygen consumption, and exhaled nitric oxide measures for extremely low birth weight, heavier preterm, and term children [Conference abstract]","volume":"60","author":"Kilbride","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00413-X"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2020.1173"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000180023.44889.dd"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207736"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.60","unstructured":"Murray S . Abnormal Restrictive Constraints on Ventilation and Breathlessness Do Not Contribute to Exercise Intolerance in Adult Survivors of Preterm Birth with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia [Master's Thesis]. Montreal, McGill University, 2018."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.61","first-page":"79","article-title":"Effects of pre-term birth on the cardio-respiratory responses to hypoxic exercise in children","volume":"12","author":"Narang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00048-2018"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950200506","article-title":"Long-term pulmonary functional outcome of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and premature birth","volume":"20","author":"Parat","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200005000-00016"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106102","article-title":"Exercise capacity in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia at school age","volume":"171","author":"Prenzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.09.014","article-title":"Hyperventilation during exercise in very low birth weight school-age children may implicate inspiratory muscle weakness","volume":"160","author":"Rideau Batista Novais","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1238-0","article-title":"Diverging effects of premature birth and bronchopulmonary dysplasia on exercise capacity and physical activity \u2013 a case control study","volume":"20","author":"Ruf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.4.7551383","article-title":"Factors limiting exercise performance in long-term survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"152","author":"Santuz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00501-2023"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PEP.0000067502.17735.4E"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2019.05.018","article-title":"Aerobic capacity of preterm children with very low birth weight at school age and its associated factors","volume":"56","author":"Tsopanoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200507-1140OC"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.083","article-title":"Respiratory health in adolescents born moderately-late preterm in a community-based cohort","volume":"203","author":"Vrijlandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.107474"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.75","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Prematurity and low birth weight and their impact on childhood growth patterns and the risk of long-term cardiovascular sequelae","volume":"10","author":"Ja\u0144czewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-466OC"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2019.1631776","article-title":"Inspiratory constraints and ventilatory inefficiency are superior to breathing reserve in the assessment of exertional dyspnea in COPD","volume":"16","author":"Neder","year":"2019","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.78","unstructured":"Neder JA , Berton DC , Rocha A , et al. Abnormal patterns of response to incremental CPET. In: Palange P , Laveneziana P , Neder A , Ward SA , eds. Clinical Exercise Testing (ERS Monograph). Sheffield, European Respiratory Society, 2018; pp. 34\u201358."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02036-2016"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006729","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006729","article-title":"Clinical and hemodynamic associations and prognostic implications of ventilatory efficiency in patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function","volume":"13","author":"Nayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23831","article-title":"Distinguishing exercise intolerance in early-stage pulmonary hypertension with invasive exercise hemodynamics: rest V E\/V CO","volume":"45","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00816-2","article-title":"Exercise-induced irregular right heart flow dynamics in adolescents and young adults born preterm","volume":"23","author":"Macdonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1511","article-title":"Association between preterm birth and arrested cardiac growth in adolescents and young adults","volume":"5","author":"Goss","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.572"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235045","article-title":"Muscle function, body composition, insulin sensitivity and physical activity in adolescents born preterm: impact of gestation and vitamin D status","volume":"14","author":"Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.10.001","article-title":"Association of daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity with body fat among U.S. adults","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.87","unstructured":"Francis IJ . Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness in Adolescence and Blood Pressure in Young Adults Born Preterm with Very Low Birth Weight [Master's Thesis]. Winston-Salem, NC, Wake Forest University, 2021."},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.88","first-page":"76","article-title":"Physical activity outcomes following preterm birth","volume":"22","author":"Lowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.068","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity in young adults born preterm","volume":"189","author":"Tikanm\u00e4ki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101597","article-title":"Long-term expiratory airflow of infants born moderate-late preterm: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Du Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01690-5","article-title":"Preterm birth and subsequent timing of pubertal growth, menarche, and voice break","volume":"92","author":"Suikkanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025061801250575000_34.176.240163.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1949.2.1.1"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:25:21Z","timestamp":1750235121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"176","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}