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The objectives of this narrative review are to propose a definition of silicotuberculosis which includes post-tuberculous lung disease, to emphasise the importance of understanding how the two diseases modify each other, and to identify as yet unanswered questions relevant to clinical practice and disease control and mitigation. The unique aetiological relationship between silica exposure and TB is now firmly established, as is the accelerated impairment and mortality imposed by TB on individuals with silicosis. However, the rich clinical, pathology and laboratory literature on combined disease from the pre-TB treatment era appears to have been largely forgotten. The close clinical and pathological appearance of the two diseases continues to pose a challenge to imaging, diagnosis and pathological description, while inconsistent evidence regarding TB treatment and TB preventive treatment prevails. Many other topics raise questions to be answered,\n<jats:italic>inter alia<\/jats:italic>\n: the range of phenotypes of combined disease; the rates and determinants of disease progression; the role of computed tomography in identifying and characterising combined disease; appropriate screening practice; acceptable policies of management of workers that combine risk reduction with social security; and the workplace respirable silica concentration that protects against the excess TB attributable to inhaled silica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0168-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1736256851000},"page":"240168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Silicotuberculosis: a critical narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Rodney","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qonita","family":"Said-Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14242"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1844","article-title":"Nonmalignant respiratory disease among hematite mine workers in China","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.3","first-page":"125","article-title":"Silicosis-associated tuberculosis: management and control","volume":"6","author":"Cheepsattayakorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Res"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.4","first-page":"145","article-title":"Burden of disease among Basotho ex-miners in a large out-reach medical assessment programme","volume":"26","author":"Maboso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Health South Afr"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1972_20","article-title":"Silicosis, progressive massive fibrosis and silico-tuberculosis among workers with occupational exposure to silica dusts in sandstone mines of Rajasthan state: an urgent need for initiating national silicosis control programme in India","volume":"10","author":"Nandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqac034","article-title":"Non-malignant silica-related diseases in a specialized outpatient clinic","volume":"72","author":"Carneiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"2025010705224156000_33.174.240168.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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