{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:08:03Z","timestamp":1793696883281,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"181","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Air pollution is particularly harmful to people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exposure to air pollution from sources such as biomass burning leads to a unique COPD phenotype. This phenotype mainly shows airway damage, with less emphysema than typical smoking-related phenotypes. Across various COPD phenotypes, airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is a basic pathological mechanism. This narrative review summarises the current available evidence on how different types of airborne pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), ozone (O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), diesel exhaust and microplastics, damage the airway epithelial barrier. The toxicity of fine PM with a diameter of \u22642.5 \u00b5m, one of its main constituents, largely depends on its chemical composition. Some metals or organic chemicals with redox properties can initiate oxidation reactions and induce pathologic responses. The main injury mechanisms are direct physical damage to apical junctional complexes, serious impairment of mucociliary clearance and induction of oxidative stress. Apart from these immediate harms, pollutants also create epigenetic modifications and disturbed epithelium\u2013immune cell cross-talk, which breaks down the equilibrium of the airway epithelial barrier. These system-wide effects are exacerbated through the gut\u2013lung axis, which aggravates local lung damage\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    microbiome dysregulation. We evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies that aim to restore barrier integrity, including antioxidants, natural compounds, inhibitors directing specific pathways (\n                    <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                    epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)) and microbiome modulation\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    probiotics. Protection and repair of the airway epithelial barrier offer a promising approach to reducing the onset and progression of pollution-related COPD in populations vulnerable to highly polluted environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0171-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:31:46Z","timestamp":1782894706000},"page":"250171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Air pollution-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in COPD: a narrative review of mechanisms and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Zhong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puxu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenkun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyi","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . New WHO global air quality guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution. Date last updated: 22 September 2021. Date last accessed: 22 September 2021. www.who.int\/news\/item\/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-019-0126-x","article-title":"The health and social implications of household air pollution and respiratory diseases","volume":"29","author":"Simkovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13208-x","article-title":"Air pollution exposure-the (in)visible risk factor for respiratory diseases","volume":"28","author":"B\u0103l\u0103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107809","article-title":"Rosiglitazone ameliorated airway inflammation induced by cigarette smoke via inhibiting the M1 macrophage polarization by activating PPAR\u03b3 and RXR\u03b1","volume":"97","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001042","article-title":"Selected updates on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"30","author":"Mah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0200TR"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13176","article-title":"Small airway disease: a different phenotype of early stage COPD associated with biomass smoke exposure","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00206112"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1835476","article-title":"COPD in biomass exposed nonsmokers: a different phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Jindal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.691227"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2021.13.6.850","article-title":"The impact of environmental pollutants on barrier dysfunction in respiratory disease","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac029","article-title":"Indoor and outdoor air pollution and couple fecundability: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.014","article-title":"Particle deposition in the human lung: health implications of particulate matter from different sources","volume":"169","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00003","article-title":"Aeroparticles, composition, and lung diseases","volume":"7","author":"Falcon-Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052799","article-title":"Impact of air pollution in airway diseases: role of the epithelial cells (cell models and biomarkers)","volume":"23","author":"Albano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063276","article-title":"Indoor air quality in buildings: a comprehensive review on the factors influencing air pollution in residential and commercial structure","volume":"18","author":"Mannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58038-2","article-title":"Secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202211-2099OC"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00613-6","article-title":"Airborne micro- and nanoplastics: emerging causes of respiratory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Gou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112837","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of nanoplastics using human lung epithelial cells, microarray analysis and co-culture model","volume":"226","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06278-9"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104529","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress \u2013 mechanistic insights and antioxidant approaches reported in in vitro studies","volume":"110","author":"Vilas-Boas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2020.1859108","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in nanoparticles toxicity","volume":"55","author":"Horie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0205412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205412","article-title":"Particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals induces AhR-dependent cytokine and reactive oxygen species production in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Harmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101530","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a target of environmental stressors\u2013implications for pollution mediated stress and inflammatory responses","volume":"34","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvac077"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9988","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189988","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor defect attenuates mitogen-activated signaling through leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1)-dependent EGFR degradation","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031516","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): a novel therapeutic target for pulmonary diseases?","volume":"23","author":"Shivanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119240"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2024-109650"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040236","article-title":"Synergistic toxicity of fine particulate matter and ozone and their underlying mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127463","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution associated pulmonary pathophysiologic changes and cardiac injury in elderly patients with COPD","volume":"424","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00417-y","article-title":"Prolonged exposure to traffic-related particulate matter and gaseous pollutants implicate distinct molecular mechanisms of lung injury in rats","volume":"18","author":"Jheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30028-7","article-title":"Effect of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter on lung function decline and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan: a longitudinal, cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114025","article-title":"Long-term PM2.5 exposure in association with chronic respiratory diseases morbidity: a cohort study in Northern China","volume":"244","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160808","article-title":"Long-term exposure to particulate matter and COPD mortality: insights from causal inference methods based on a large population cohort in southern China","volume":"863","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0055-2025"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02623-y","article-title":"Fine particulate matter contributes to COPD-like pathophysiology: experimental evidence from rats exposed to diesel exhaust particles","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260204","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4260204","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution exacerbates inflammation in rats with preexisting COPD","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116309","article-title":"Biomass fuels related-PM2.5 promotes lung fibroblast\u2013myofibroblast transition through PI3K\/AKT\/TRPC1 pathway","volume":"276","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148819"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.005"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117215","article-title":"Associations of short-term PM2.5 exposures with nasal oxidative stress, inflammation and lung function impairment and modification by GSTT1-null genotype: a panel study of the retired adults","volume":"285","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S320841","article-title":"The cumulative effect of gene\u2013gene interactions between GSTM1, CHRNA3, CHRNA5 and SOD3 gene polymorphisms combined with smoking on COPD risk","volume":"16","author":"Ganbold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1002\/mef2.70044","article-title":"Air pollution-induced epigenetic regulation in respiratory diseases: mechanisms, dysregulation, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm \u2013 Fut Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8752","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148752","article-title":"Indoor air pollution and the health of vulnerable groups: a systematic review focused on particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on children and people with pre-existing lung disease","volume":"19","author":"Maung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17732-8","article-title":"Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels from 1990 to 2019","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.254","article-title":"Estimating premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 exposure and benefit of air pollution control policies in China for 2020","volume":"612","author":"Maji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109066","article-title":"Modifiers of the effect of short-term variation in PM2.5 on mortality in Beijing, China","volume":"183","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-0559-2"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16233-y","article-title":"Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient ozone in 204 countries and territories during 1990\u20132019","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201806-1161OC","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ozone and cause-specific mortality risk in the United States","volume":"200","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.05.030","article-title":"Associations between air pollution and the onset of acute exacerbations of COPD: a time-stratified case-crossover study in China","volume":"166","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-023-02610-4","article-title":"Association between PM10 pollution and the hospitalization of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with comorbidity: evidence in 17 cities of Henan, Central China","volume":"68","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03097-w"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30085-3","article-title":"Associations between daily air quality and hospitalisations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, 2013\u201317: an ecological analysis","volume":"3","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2014.932753","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of ambient ozone and fine particulate matter on the respiratory health of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects","volume":"70","author":"Kariisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.114"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.155358"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00261-8","article-title":"COPD and multimorbidity: recognising and addressing a syndemic occurrence","volume":"11","author":"Fabbri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.09.079","article-title":"Airway microbiome is associated with respiratory functions and responses to ambient particulate matter exposure","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177314","article-title":"Dynamics of the airway microbiome in response to exposure to particulate matter 2.5 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"956","author":"Heo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14789","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914789","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of airway epithelial cell differentiation: insights into the notch pathway and beyond","volume":"24","author":"Cumplido-Laso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.64","first-page":"294","article-title":"[Effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on epidermal growth factor receptor, tight junction association proteins and mucin in airway epithelial cells]","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01563-1","article-title":"Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air pollution-induced non-malignant respiratory diseases","volume":"21","author":"L\u00e5g","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae082","article-title":"ToxPoint: mucus matters: pollution alters mucus pathophysiology","volume":"206","author":"Rouillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57667-z","article-title":"Structure and function relationships of mucociliary clearance in human and rat airways","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01003-y"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2025.2542153"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.230743","article-title":"Airway epithelial cell function and respiratory host defense in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"131","author":"Amatngalim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00477-9"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030106"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787128","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.787128","article-title":"Airway basal cells, protectors of epithelial walls in health and respiratory diseases","volume":"2","author":"Ruysseveldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1201658"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1492PP"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200605-126SF"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000546009","article-title":"Impact of common environmental exposures on airway cilia biology: insights into structure, function, and signaling mechanisms","volume":"187","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.6.9196123"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0066-2019"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01672-5","article-title":"Correction to: PGC-1\u03b1 regulates airway epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by house dust mite","volume":"22","author":"Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115169","article-title":"Modeling human airway epithelial barrier penetration using birch bet v 1 and alder Aln g 1 pollen allergens during sensitization process","volume":"26","author":"Melnikova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00346"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00141514"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranlsmed.3000154"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L724","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00223.2024","article-title":"Effect of age, COPD severity, and cigarette smoke exposure on bronchial epithelial barrier function","volume":"328","author":"Nwozor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L754","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00362.2023","article-title":"Revisiting airway epithelial dysfunction and mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of mitochondrial damage","volume":"326","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00329.2019"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01910.x"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.04.003","article-title":"Diesel exhaust exposure impairs recovery of lung epithelial and cellular damage in murine model","volume":"158","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.07.002","article-title":"Shp2 regulates PM2.5-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by modulating ERK1\/2 signaling pathway","volume":"350","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116090","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particle exposure exacerbates ciliary and epithelial barrier dysfunction in the multiciliated bronchial epithelium models","volume":"273","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.92","first-page":"51","article-title":"In vitro transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by diesel exhaust particles: gene expression profiling and early toxic responses","volume":"166","author":"Rynning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00383-x","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particle exposure reduces expression of the epithelial tight junction protein tricellulin","volume":"17","author":"Smyth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00064.2016"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86745-7","article-title":"Incense smoke-induced oxidative stress disrupts tight junctions and bronchial epithelial barrier integrity and induces airway hyperresponsiveness in mouse lungs","volume":"11","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773539","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.773539","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress and inflammatory response during particulate matter exposure in mouse lungs","volume":"12","author":"So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123675","article-title":"Particulate matter stimulates the NADPH oxidase system via AhR-mediated epigenetic modifications","volume":"347","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101256","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced emerging health effects associated with oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.09.062"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122608","article-title":"PM2.5 triggered apoptosis in lung epithelial cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic way mediated by a ROS\u2013DRP1\u2013mitochondrial fission axis","volume":"397","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00007"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104883","article-title":"Effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to particulate matter and cigarette smoke extract","volume":"67","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22390","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)\u2013MAPK\u2013nuclear factor (NF)\u2013\u03baB\u2013IL8: a possible mechanism of particulate matter (PM) 2.5-induced lung toxicity","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22308"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53872","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14469-2","article-title":"Loss of E-cadherin due to road dust PM2.5 activates the EGFR in human pharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Tung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.106","first-page":"1817398","article-title":"PM2.5 induced the expression of fibrogenic mediators via HMGB1-RAGE signaling in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"2018","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2537","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 impairs airway epithelial barrier function through the activation of the RAGE\/ERK pathway","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972760","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2021.1972760","article-title":"Dysfunction of epithelial permeability barrier induced by HMGB1 in 2.5D cultures of human epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Kojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040814","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: unraveling the molecular nexus","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1024081","article-title":"Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway in alveolar epithelial cells exposed to the metals in combustion-generated particulate matter","volume":"78","author":"Visalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115555","article-title":"Downregulation of TAZ elicits a mitochondrial redox imbalance and ferroptosis in lung epithelial cells exposed to diesel exhaust particles","volume":"266","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2007.0659"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2562-z"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-192377"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129897"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091579","article-title":"Impaired ciliary beat frequency and ciliogenesis alteration during airway epithelial cell differentiation in COPD","volume":"11","author":"Ancel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells5040040"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.274"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.27641"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.01.008"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021014-071931"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.10.002"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa006"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149809046056"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2000.00245.x"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412864","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2024.1412864","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and cAMP producing capacity in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Cattani-Cavalieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00692"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2014-0163","article-title":"Interleukin-33 promotes inflammatory cytokine production in chronic airway inflammation","volume":"93","author":"Shang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.044","article-title":"Ozone exposure induces respiratory barrier biphasic injury and inflammation controlled by IL-33","volume":"142","author":"Michaudel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.06.009","article-title":"Cigarette smoke alters IL-33 expression and release in airway epithelial cells","volume":"1842","author":"Pace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23035"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135726","article-title":"Wood smoke particulate matter (WSPM2.5) induces pyroptosis through both caspase-1\/IL-1\u03b2\/IL-18 and ATP\/P2Y-dependent mechanisms in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"307","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0437OC","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces human epidermal receptor 2-dependent changes in epithelial permeability","volume":"54","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102804","article-title":"The IL1\u03b2\u2013HER2\u2013CLDN18\/CLDN4 axis mediates lung barrier damage in ARDS","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00237.2014"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dvaa022","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvaa022","article-title":"Effect of concentration and duration of particulate matter exposure on the transcriptome and DNA methylome of bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Epigenet"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00253.2016"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.085"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0341-7"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0454OC"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.028","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal and sensitive COPD-diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM2.5","volume":"230","author":"Leclercq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-022-09709-1"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2023.104694"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2020.10.e20","article-title":"DsRNA induction of microRNA-155 disrupt tight junction barrier by modulating claudins","volume":"10","author":"Hiranuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac Allergy"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1927545","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-146a-5p inhibits the inflammatory response and injury of airway epithelial cells via targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 6","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111498","article-title":"Air pollution: role of extracellular vesicles-derived non-coding RNAs in environmental stress response","volume":"12","author":"D'Amico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1757043","article-title":"The expression of microRNAs and exposure to environmental contaminants related to human health: a review","volume":"32","author":"Tumolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.04.031"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147686","article-title":"Dual role of microRNA-146a in experimental inflammation in human pulmonary epithelial and immune cells and expression in inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"25","author":"Gronau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.150","first-page":"2691","article-title":"Role of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23410","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23410","article-title":"The clinical value of lncRNA MALAT1 and its targets miR-125b, miR-133, miR-146a, and miR-203 for predicting disease progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L87","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00073.2019","article-title":"LncRNA MALAT1, an lncRNA acting via the miR-204\/ZEB1 pathway, mediates the EMT induced by organic extract of PM2.5 in lung bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"317","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01744","article-title":"Air\u2013liquid interface microfluidic monitoring sensor platform for studying autophagy regulation after PM2.5 exposure","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S405566","article-title":"MEG3 regulates CSE-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-421\/DFFB signal axis","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171577"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45666"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22401"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.039"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116793","article-title":"Involvement of M2 macrophages polarization in PM2.5-induced COPD by upregulating MMP12 via IL4\/STAT6 pathway","volume":"283","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92626-w","article-title":"Interactions of nasal epithelium with macrophages and dendritic cells variously alter urban PM-induced inflammation in healthy, asthma and COPD","volume":"11","author":"Paplinska-Goryca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2021009","article-title":"The functions of CD4 T-helper lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.070","article-title":"Effects of PM2.5 exposure on the Notch signaling pathway and immune imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"226","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103632","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure induces pulmonary TH2 responses and oxidative stress-mediated NRF2 activation in mice","volume":"82","author":"Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.028","article-title":"Diesel exhaust particles up-regulate interleukin-17A expression via ROS\/NF-\u03baB in airway epithelium","volume":"151","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900614"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0313OC"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00483-w","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulation mediated by IL-17A in initiation of chronic lung injuries upon real-ambient particulate matter exposure","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114702","article-title":"The effect of real-ambient PM2.5 exposure on the lung and gut microbiomes and the regulation of Nrf2","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657675","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1657675","article-title":"The gut\u2013lung axis: a new perspective on the impact of atmospheric particulate matter exposure on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12368","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08888","article-title":"The lung microbiota affects pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress induced by PM2.5 exposure","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414805","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2414805","article-title":"The role and mechanism of gut\u2013lung axis mediated bidirectional communication in the occurrence and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01529-3","article-title":"Chronic exposure to ambient particulate matter induces gut microbial dysbiosis in a rat COPD model","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119305","article-title":"Effects and mechanism of combination of Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides and Platycodon saponins in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rats through the gut\u2013lung axis","volume":"341","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00075","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces intestinal inflammation via a Th17 cell\u2013neutrophil axis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02438-z","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung\u2013gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0112-2021"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.035","article-title":"The effect of diesel emission exposure on primary human bronchial epithelial cells from a COPD cohort: N-acetylcysteine as a potential protective intervention","volume":"170","author":"Vaughan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0105OC"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.023","article-title":"Amelioration of particulate matter-induced oxidative damage by vitamin c and quercetin in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"144","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.13416","article-title":"Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: GOLD COPD update 2024","volume":"19","author":"Cornelius","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02375-9","article-title":"Azithromycin ameliorated cigarette smoke-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating Nrf2\/GCL\/GSH signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206622","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02066-22","article-title":"Azithromycin exposure induces transient microbial composition shifts and decreases the airway microbiota resilience from outdoor PM2.5 stress in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041462","article-title":"Biapenem as a novel insight into drug repositioning against particulate matter-induced lung injury","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370657","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1370657","article-title":"Lung function benefits of traditional Chinese medicine Qiju granules against fine particulate air pollution exposure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4878","article-title":"Curcumin protects BEAS2B cells from PM2.5-induced oxidative stress and inflammation by activating NRF2\/antioxidant response element pathways","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109425","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates chronic \u201creal-world\u201d ambient particulate matter-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mice","volume":"182","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112588","article-title":"Melatonin protects against PM2.5-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis of lung epithelial cells in a Nrf2-dependent manner","volume":"223","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11541-1"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.07.017"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0931-8","article-title":"Roles of mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple ozone-induced lung inflammation and emphysema","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1630735","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome in acute ozone-induced murine model of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1265544","article-title":"Prevention of exacerbation in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD with the intent to modulate respiratory microbiome: a pilot prospective, multi-center, randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001310","article-title":"Secretions of Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus protect intestinal epithelial barrier function","volume":"64","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173278","article-title":"Systematic investigation of the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus TW01 on potential prevention of particulate matter PM2.5-induced damage using a novel in vitro platform","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040967","article-title":"Protective effect of novel Lactobacillus plantarum KC3 isolated from fermented kimchi on gut and respiratory disorders","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO05254D","article-title":"Probiotics improve lung function and QOL in participants with exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114060","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorates pulmonary inflammation via modulating gut microbiota and rectifying Th17\/Treg imbalance in a rat model of PM2.5 induced lung injury","volume":"244","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026070101300667000_35.181.250171.198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0469-y"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0171-2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:32:10Z","timestamp":1782894730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0171-2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"181","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0171-2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0171-2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}}}