{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:33:56Z","timestamp":1789515236540,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"163","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir Rev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is still responsible for the deaths of &gt;1 million people yearly worldwide, and therefore its correct diagnosis is one of the key components of any TB eradication programme. However, current TB diagnostic tests have many limitations, and improved diagnostic accuracy is urgently needed. To improve the diagnostic performance of traditional serology, a combination of different<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>(MTB) antigens and different antibody isotypes has been suggested, with some showing promising performance for the diagnosis of active TB. Given the incomplete protection conferred by bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination against adult pulmonary TB, efforts to discover novel TB vaccines are ongoing. Efficacy studies from advanced TB vaccines designed to stimulate cell-mediated immunity failed to show protection, suggesting that they may not be sufficient and warranting the need for other types of immunity. The role of antibodies as tools for TB therapy, TB diagnosis and TB vaccine design is discussed. Finally, we propose that the inclusion of antibody-based TB vaccines in current clinical trials may be advisable to improve protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T10:20:55Z","timestamp":1646821255000},"page":"210218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The role of antibodies in tuberculosis diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy: a review from the ESGMYC study group"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon Tibebu","family":"Melkie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilibeth","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Farroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0171-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateja","family":"Jankovic Makek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Vilaplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. 2021. www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2021"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0043-1","article-title":"Advances in tuberculosis diagnostics","volume":"2","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Reports"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16078","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2016.78","article-title":"Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Sulis","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207787","article-title":"PPE17 (Rv1168c) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detects individuals with latent TB infection","volume":"13","author":"Abraham","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37525","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16401","article-title":"Detection of a combination of serum IgG and IgA antibodies against selected mycobacterial targets provides promising diagnostic signatures for active TB","volume":"8","author":"Awoniyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq429"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.95320"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13272","article-title":"Update on tuberculosis biomarkers: from correlates of risk, to correlates of active disease and of cure from disease","volume":"23","author":"Goletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00036-3","article-title":"Sputum culture conversion as a prognostic marker for end-of-treatment outcome in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a secondary analysis of data from two observational cohort studies","volume":"3","author":"Kurbatova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70071-2"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00996"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11290"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-333"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.15","first-page":"PA3635","article-title":"Can blood or urine IP-10 discriminate between active and no active tuberculosis in children?","volume":"46","author":"Petrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0342","article-title":"Blood and urine inducible protein 10 as potential markers of disease activity","volume":"20","author":"Petrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12674","article-title":"Serum antibody profiles in individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"63","author":"Maekura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173359","article-title":"Field evaluation of a blood based test for active tuberculosis in endemic settings","volume":"12","author":"Khaliq","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180122"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001062"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.05.014"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.22","unstructured":"World Health Organization . High-priority target product profiles for new tuberculosis diagnostics: report of a consensus meeting. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/135617"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00198-10"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0545-y"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12697","article-title":"Evaluation of Rv0220, Rv2958c, Rv2994 and Rv3347c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"You","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.006"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21646","article-title":"Evaluation of antigen detection test (chromatographic immunoassay): potential to replace the antibody assay using purified 45-kDa protein for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"28","author":"Tasbiti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181414","article-title":"New synthetic lipid antigens for rapid serological diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05166-11"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01012-2016"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679973","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.679973","article-title":"Antibody subclass and glycosylation shift following effective TB treatment","volume":"12","author":"Grace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2012.09.003","article-title":"Serodiagnostic markers for the prediction of the outcome of intensive phase tuberculosis therapy","volume":"93","author":"Baumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.33","first-page":"562","article-title":"Antibody response to culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during and after treatment of tuberculosis patients","volume":"4","author":"Imaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/205873920601900120","article-title":"Serological markers of pulmonary tuberculosis and of response to anti-tuberculosis treatment in a patient population in Guinea","volume":"19","author":"Azzurri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.035"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta A , Lopez Y , Nor NM , et al. The role of antibodies in the defense against tuberculosis. In: Mahboub BH , Vats MG . Tuberculosis - Current Issues in Diagnosis and Management. London, IntechOpen Limited, 2013. doi:10.5772\/53950","DOI":"10.5772\/53950"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12276"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00786-13"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003189"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611776114"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.02.003","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of administration of human gamma globulins in a mouse model of tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Olivares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12069"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6101-6109.2005"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.004"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01809.x"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.6799-6805.2004"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35084083"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02593.x"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606330"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scriba TJ , Coussens AK , Fletcher HA . Human immunology of tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. doi:10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0016-2016","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0016-2016"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw141"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6711-6720.2005"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(99)90204-4"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.54","unstructured":"TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative . Pipeline of vaccines. 2020. www.tbvi.eu\/what-we-do\/pipeline-of-vaccines\/"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.088"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13120","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013120","article-title":"Long-term safety and immunogenicity of the M72\/AS01E candidate tuberculosis vaccine in HIV-positive and -negative Indian adults: Results from a phase II randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02089","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the M72\/AS01E candidate vaccine against tuberculosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moncunill G , De Rosa SC , Ayestaran A , et al. RTS,S\/AS01E malaria vaccine induces memory and polyfunctional T cell responses in a pediatric African Phase III Trial. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 1008. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01008","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01008"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100313","article-title":"A phase 1b randomized study of the safety and immunological responses to vaccination with H4:IC31, H56:IC31, and BCG revaccination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-uninfected adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Bekker","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714021"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.051","article-title":"First-in-human trial of the post-exposure tuberculosis vaccine H56:IC31 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected and non-infected healthy adults","volume":"33","author":"Luabeya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30077-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the novel tuberculosis vaccine ID93+GLA-SE in BCG-vaccinated healthy adults in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial","volume":"6","author":"Penn-Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006250"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90192-F"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60177-4"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.01.062","article-title":"A first-in-human phase 1 trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine MVA85A-IMX313, administered to BCG-vaccinated adults","volume":"34","author":"Minhinnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.102"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00439-16"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0168521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168521","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the DAR-901 booster vaccine in a murine model of tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Lahey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.008"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2019.19.e24","article-title":"Emerging themes for the role of antibodies in tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4473"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500981"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.74","first-page":"69","article-title":"Secondary renal amyloidosis in a patient of pulmonary tuberculosis and common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"4","author":"Balwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nephropharmacology"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140103"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.144998"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.09.006","article-title":"The MycoBrowser portal: a comprehensive and manually annotated resource for mycobacterial genomes","volume":"91","author":"Kapopoulou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.07.001","article-title":"Characteristic profile of antibody responses to PPD, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis suspected cases in Surabaya, Indonesia","volume":"23","author":"Dewi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190989","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190989","article-title":"IgA and IgG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2031 discriminate between pulmonary tuberculosis patients, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected and non-infected individuals","volume":"13","author":"Abebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.040"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-1-1"},{"key":"2024102404015016000_31.163.210218.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00520-12"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:04:57Z","timestamp":1740373497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0218-2021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-9180","1600-0617"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-9180","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0617","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}