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Immunocompetent individuals are typically capable of eradicating <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> without exhibiting clinical symptoms. In contrast, individuals with compromised immune systems are vulnerable to developing <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia, which can lead to severe inflammatory responses and consequent pulmonary damage. This review examines the roles of innate immunity, particularly macrophages and adaptive immunity, including CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cells, as well as key cytokines, in the defence against <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> infection across various host categories, namely immunocompetent individuals, those infected with HIV and non-HIV-infected individuals, especially those undergoing corticosteroid therapy. 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