{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:53:08Z","timestamp":1792590788468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breathe"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Latent tuberculosis infection was the term traditionally used to indicate tuberculosis (TB) infection. This term was used to define \u201ca state of persistent immune response to stimulation by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens through tests such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) or an interferon-\u03b3 release assay (IGRA) without clinically active TB\u201d. Recent evidence indicates that the spectrum from TB infection to TB disease is much more complex, including a \u201ccontinuum\u201d of situations didactically reported as uninfected individual, TB infection, incipient TB, subclinical TB without signs\/symptoms, subclinical TB with unrecognised signs\/symptoms, and TB disease with signs\/symptoms. Recent evidence suggests that subclinical TB is responsible for important\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission. This review describes the different stages described above and their relationships. It also summarises the new developments in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB infection as well as their public health and policy implications.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Educational aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>To describe the evolution of the definition of \u201ctuberculosis infection\u201d and didactically describe the continuum of stages existing between TB infection and disease.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>To discuss the recommended approaches to prevent, diagnose and treat TB infection.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0079-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1630470691000},"page":"210079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Migliori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine W.M.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Petrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"D'Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosella","family":"Centis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia\u00a0","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00655-2019"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.2","unstructured":"Loddenkemper R , Murray JF . History of tuberculosis. In: Migliori GB , Raviglione MC , eds. Essential Tuberculosis. Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021; pp. 6\u20139."},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagliani E , Nikolayevskyy V , Tortoli E , et al. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. In: Migliori GB , Bothamley G , Duarte R , Rendon A , eds. Tuberculosis (ERS Monograph). Sheffield, European Respiratory Society, 2018; pp. 99\u2013115.","DOI":"10.1183\/2312508X.10021318"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00391-2019"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goletti D , Martineau AR . Pathogenesis and immunology of tuberculosis. In: Migliori GB , Raviglione MC , eds. Essential Tuberculosis. Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021; pp. 20\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66703-0_3"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreira-Silva P , Torrado E , Nebenzahl-Guimaraes H , et\u00a0al. Aetiopathogenesis, immunology and microbiology of tuberculosis. In: Migliori GB , Bothamley G , Duarte R , Rendon A , eds. Tuberculosis (ERS Monograph). Sheffield, European Respiratory Society, 2018; pp. 62\u201382.","DOI":"10.1183\/2312508X.10020917"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 1: prevention \u2014 tuberculosis preventive treatment. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2020. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/331170\/9789240001503-eng.pdf"},{"key":"2024101703582444000_17.3.210079.8","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. 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