{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:33:26Z","timestamp":1785800006542,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breathe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease characterised by abnormal motile ciliary function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>There is no \u201cgold standard\u201d diagnostic test for PCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>The European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force Guidelines for diagnosing PCD recommend that patients should be referred for diagnostic testing if they have several of the following features: persistent wet cough; situs anomalies; congenital cardiac defects; persistent rhinitis; chronic middle ear disease with or without hearing loss; or a history, in term infants, of neonatal upper and lower respiratory symptoms or neonatal intensive care admission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>The ERS Task Force recommends that patients should be investigated in a specialist PCD centre with access to a range of complementary tests: nasal nitric oxide, high-speed video microscopy analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Additional tests including immunofluorescence labelling of ciliary proteins and genetic testing may also help determine the diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Educational aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article is intended for primary and secondary care physicians interested in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD),<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>those who identify patients for testing, and those involved in diagnosing and managing PCD patients. It aims:<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>to inform readers about the new European Respiratory Society Task Force Guidelines for diagnosing patients with PCD<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>to enable primary and secondary care physicians to: identify patients who need diagnostic testing; understand the diagnostic tests that their patients will undergo, the results of the tests and their limitations; and ensure that appropriate care is subsequently delivered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.008517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:26:04Z","timestamp":1504225564000},"page":"166-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia: summary of the ERS Task Force 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