{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:37:54Z","timestamp":1779219474574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breathe"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have brought about major advances in the treatment of cancer over the past 15 years. With a growing armoury of these immunotherapies available and an ever-expanding list of indications for their use, ICIs have become a standard of care in the treatment of cancers including nonsmall cell lung cancer, melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. ICIs are generally well tolerated by patients; however, they bring with them a novel class of toxicities, termed immune-related adverse events. ICI-associated pneumonitis (CIP) is among the most clinically important immune-related adverse events due to both its high incidence and associated morbidity. CIP is associated with a nonspecific clinical presentation, a heterogeneous imaging appearance and an unpredictable clinical course. In this review, we discuss the biology of immune checkpoint inhibition and the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of CIP. Additionally, we discuss less well described manifestations of ICI-related pulmonary toxicity: immune-mediated pleural effusion and sarcoid-like reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0276-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:35:23Z","timestamp":1776155723000},"page":"250276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pulmonary toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Garvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parthiban","family":"Nadarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2023.102614"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071878","article-title":"LAG-3 inhibitors: novel immune checkpoint inhibitors changing the landscape of immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02181-6"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06389-5"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-27960-2"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2017-000213"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.11.016"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13388","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in infectious disease","volume":"328","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2015.10.008"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.2.302"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35105024"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17232"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1804"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12105"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170503","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI170503","article-title":"Pulmonary toxicity of immune checkpoint immunotherapy","volume":"134","author":"Ghanbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci128654"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01623-z"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06202-2","article-title":"Th17.1 lymphocytes: emerging players in the orchestra of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"41","author":"Misra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.07.008"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw640"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908079116"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2017.1406668"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03750-z","article-title":"Analysis of cytokines in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with immune-checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis: a cross-sectional case\u2013control study","volume":"148","author":"Kowalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.2453","article-title":"Incidence of programmed cell death 1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Nishino","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.08.008"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1065","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad118","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for pneumonitis associated with checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a single center experience","volume":"28","author":"Altan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.08.2035"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.10.007","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis \u2013 real-world incidence and risk","volume":"13","author":"Tay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607170","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607170","article-title":"Risk factors for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09642-w","article-title":"Risk factors for pneumonitis in advanced extrapulmonary cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Uchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv532.01"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283360","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1283360","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of immune checkpoint-induced pneumonitis in oncology patients with history of pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.11.016"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.12.656"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.08.018"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2020-0230","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00841-0","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitor use in patients with cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Tison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30380-7"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1266850"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101711","article-title":"Early immune checkpoint inhibitor administration increases the risk of radiation-induced pneumonitis in patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC undergoing chemoradiotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698832","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.698832","article-title":"Peripheral blood biomarkers for early diagnosis, severity, and prognosis of checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.04.177"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2023.5570","article-title":"Anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 associated checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer: occurrence, pathogenesis and risk factors (review)","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115305","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1115305","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors related respiratory disorders in patients with lung cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.2005"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.11.027"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15160","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.e15160","article-title":"Type, timing, and patient characteristics associated with immune-related adverse event development in patients with advanced solid tumors treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"38","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.25454","article-title":"Imaging of oncologic treatment\u2013related pneumonitis: a focused review on emerging issues of immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis, from the AJR special series on inflammation","volume":"218","author":"Nishino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181e9dbb9","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced pulmonary toxicity in lung cancer patients","volume":"5","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.001"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203427"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1320"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.58","first-page":"6145","article-title":"Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) 2020 clinical practice recommendations for the management of immune-related adverse events: pulmonary toxicity","volume":"28","author":"Shannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03834-y"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201202-0320ST"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01523-5","article-title":"Clinical implications of bronchoscopy for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795549231203153","DOI":"10.1177\/11795549231203153","article-title":"A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for managing pulmonary toxicities caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: quality of treatment recommendations and differences in management strategies between guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Donkor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv623"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S7500","article-title":"Improving health outcomes with better patient understanding and education","volume":"3","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pccm.2024.12.001","article-title":"Clinical management of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis: focus, challenges, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12006","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.16_suppl.12006","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label trial to determine the optimal duration of steroid therapy for mild pneumonitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"43","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chstcc.2024.100126","article-title":"Managing immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in the ICU","volume":"3","author":"Montemayor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chest Crit Care"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.06.024"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001731"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.71","first-page":"100834","article-title":"Severe pulmonary toxicity from immune checkpoint inhibitor treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin: case report and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Petri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.36401\/JIPO-20-22","article-title":"Role of infliximab in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis","volume":"3","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Precis Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.73","first-page":"235","article-title":"Recurrent checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis refractory to corticosteroid treatment: a case report and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.74","first-page":"100969","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of steroid-resistant\/refractory pneumonitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"82","author":"Camard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Med Res"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155217745144"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000840"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03284-3","article-title":"Risk factors for relapse of immune-related pneumonitis after 6-week oral prednisolone therapy: a follow-up analysis of a phase II study","volume":"24","author":"Karayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0717"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-22-732","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of immunotherapy rechallenge following checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced lung cancer patients: a retrospective multi-center cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0352"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0755"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2352302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.52302","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events and survival among patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05905-w","article-title":"Clinical features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in older patients with lung cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors-based therapy: a retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-2024-1177","article-title":"Impact of immune-related adverse events on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with low PD-L1 expression, focusing on pneumonitis: a multicenter retrospective study in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Goda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","article-title":"Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001342"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032844","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1032844","article-title":"Nivolumab-induced capillary leak syndrome associated with chylothorax in a melanoma patient: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Neuville","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-2025-397","article-title":"Pseudoprogression of pleural effusion in lung cancer treated with immunotherapy: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Kaneda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e933396","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.933396","article-title":"Chronic pleuritis and recurrent pleural effusion after atezolizumab for small cell lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0185-2"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.91","first-page":"100156","article-title":"Progressive pleural effusion as an immune-related adverse event in NSCLC: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyaf017","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf017","article-title":"Sarcoid-like reactions in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors for advanced solid tumors","volume":"30","author":"Nykaza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.015","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with cancer and sarcoid-like granulomatosis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a case\u2013control study","volume":"156","author":"Cabani\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107640","article-title":"Sarcoid-like reactions to immune checkpoint inhibitors: incidence, treatment course, and impact on cancer progression and survival","volume":"227","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0102"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0189-2023"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0263-2024"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/23808993.2016.1164013","article-title":"Radiomics: a new application from established techniques","volume":"1","author":"Parekh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchi G , Fanni SC , Mercier M , et al. Artificial intelligence and radiomics in drug-induced interstitial lung disease. ERJ Open Res 2025; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.01150-2025]. doi: 10.1183\/23120541.01150-2025","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01150-2025"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-017-0524-2"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1822","DOI":"10.1002\/onco.13900","article-title":"Radiation versus immune checkpoint inhibitor associated pneumonitis: distinct radiologic morphologies","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.01.027"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2024.09.053","article-title":"Radiomics biomarkers to predict checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400198","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI-24-00198","article-title":"Radiomics and deep learning prediction of immunotherapy-induced pneumonitis from computed tomography","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1202ST"},{"key":"2026041401351014000_22.2.250276.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228812","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1228812","article-title":"Common methodological pitfalls in ICI pneumonitis risk prediction studies","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Breathe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/20734735.0276-2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:35:31Z","timestamp":1776155731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/20734735.0276-2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/20734735.0276-2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/20734735.0276-2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1810-6838","2073-4735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1810-6838","type":"print"},{"value":"2073-4735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}