{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T05:07:15Z","timestamp":1740460035159,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in young children is a common cause of prolonged wet cough and may be a precursor to bronchiectasis in some children. Although PBB and bronchiectasis are both characterised by neutrophilic airway inflammation and a prominent interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 signature, the contribution of the IL-1\u03b2 pathway to host defence is not clear.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study aimed to compare systemic immune responses against common pathogens in children with PBB, bronchiectasis and control children and to determine the importance of the IL-1\u03b2 pathway.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Non-typeable<jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>(NTHi) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from control subjects (n=20), those with recurrent PBB (n=20) and bronchiectasis (n=20) induced high concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and IL-10. Blocking with an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) modified the cellular response to pathogens, inhibiting cytokine synthesis by NTHi-stimulated PBMCs and rhinovirus-stimulated PBMCs (in a separate PBB cohort). Inhibition of IFN-\u03b3 production by IL-1Ra was observed across multiple cell types, including CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Our findings highlight the extent to which IL-1\u03b2 regulates the cellular immune response against two common respiratory pathogens. While blocking the IL-1\u03b2 pathway has the potential to reduce inflammation, this may come at the cost of protective immunity against NTHi and rhinovirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00025-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T00:15:38Z","timestamp":1506989738000},"page":"00025-2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cytokine responses to two common respiratory pathogens in children are dependent on interleukin-1\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Alice 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