{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:32:38Z","timestamp":1779183158941,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020483","name":"Insmed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unrestricted grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unrestricted grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic pathogens primarily found in soil and water. Previous studies have linked higher population density and tropical\/subtropical climates with increased NTM pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). However, the effects of meteorological parameters and population density on NTM incidence in European countries remain unclear. This study aimed to assess whether climate conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation) and urbanisation influence the occurrence of NTM-PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a case\u2013control study evaluating meteorological conditions (in the 12\u2005months before the first NTM isolate) and urbanisation in the municipalities of residence of 1061 adults with NTM-PD enrolled in an Italian multicentre observational study (2017\u20132023), compared with a random sample of 10\u2009000 adults from the Italian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of patients was 63.1\u2005years, and 67.2% were female. Less densely populated areas were at lower risk for NTM-PD, even after adjusting for age, sex and meteorological parameters in a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model (OR 0.66 (95% CI: 0.56\u20130.78) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.52\u20130.89) for semi-urban and rural areas, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      urban areas). Hotter climates were found to be at higher risk for NTM infection (OR 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10\u20131.33) for each \u00b0C increase in mean annual temperature). More ventilated climates with higher precipitation were at lower risk for NTM infection (OR 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86\u20130.95) for each km\u00b7h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in mean annual wind speed; OR 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99\u20130.99) for each 10\u2005mm increase in mean annual precipitation).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Climate change, particularly global warming and urbanisation, may increase NTM infections in regions with Mediterranean and continental climates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00044-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T12:30:25Z","timestamp":1750336225000},"page":"00044-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How do climate conditions and urbanisation impact nontuberculous mycobacterial infections? An Italian nationwide case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Faverio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Del Castello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Spotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rebora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico Cesare","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Perotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7699-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Rocco","family":"Bertuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Fornari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Gozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Granozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico Lorenzo","family":"Dente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2796-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Gualano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ferrarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi Ruffo","family":"Codecasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1600-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Sotgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2315-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gramegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Ori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Simonetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2285-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0090-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Aliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201605-353OC"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139796","article-title":"Influence of climate variables on the rising incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in Queensland, Australia 2001\u20132016","volume":"740","author":"Thomson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.002"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201701-081OC"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.07.001"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651491"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.6.1280","article-title":"Studies on the epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in Japan","volume":"137","author":"Tsukamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0913OC"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2019.12.003","article-title":"Can environmental determinants explain nontuberculous mycobacteria geographic incidence?","volume":"26","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-9-48","article-title":"Diagnostic delay of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in China","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3764","article-title":"High-resolution temperature climatology for Italy: interpolation method intercomparison","volume":"34","author":"Brunetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Climatol"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2009.12.005","article-title":"Projecting North Eastern Italy temperature and precipitation secular records onto a high resolution grid","volume":"40\u201341:","author":"Brunetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13060928","article-title":"Meteonetwork: an open crowdsourced weather data system","volume":"13","author":"Giazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2004","DOI":"10.1002\/met.2004","article-title":"The Italian open data meteorological portal: MISTRAL","volume":"28","author":"Bottazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meteorological Applications"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skofronick-Jackson G , Berg W , Kidd C , et al. Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM): Unified Precipitation Estimation from Space. In: Andronache C , eds. Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation. Springer Remote Sensing\/Photogrammetry. Springer, Cham, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-72583-3_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72583-3_7"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119456"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648443"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-279"},{"key":"2026010504200866000_11.6.00044-2025.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128304","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"10","author":"Ide","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["ERJ Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00044-2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:20:22Z","timestamp":1767615622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00044-2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/23120541.00044-2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00044-2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2312-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2312-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}