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Data were synthesised through narrative synthesis or meta-analysed as appropriate.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Forty-seven studies with 2527 participants were included. From 22 pharmacological studies of 11 different interventions (n=1683), the most tested interventions were bosentan and sildenafil. From 25 nonpharmacological studies, the most tested intervention was for pulmonary rehabilitation\/exercise training (PR) (22 studies, n=748). There was an improvement in 6-min walk distance immediately following PR (six studies; n=200, mean difference (MD) (95% CI) 39.9\u2005m (18.2 to 61.5)), but not longer term (3 or 6\u2005months, four studies; n=147, MD 5.3\u2005m (\u221212.9 to 23.4). Multiple, varied outcome measures were used (<jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>37 studies assessing dyspnoea used 10 different scales with a lack of reporting of rate of deterioration in outcomes). Evidence gap mapping highlighted the most and least researched symptoms, as dyspnoea and cough, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This evidence synthesis highlights overwhelmingly that the most researched symptom is dyspnoea and the strongest evidence base is for short-term PR. The least researched symptom was cough. Research going forward must focus on prioritising and standardising meaningful outcomes and focussing interventions on neglected symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00107-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T21:35:14Z","timestamp":1603402514000},"page":"00107-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to improve symptom control, functional exercise capacity and quality of life in interstitial lung disease: an evidence synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5338-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Bajwah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Colquitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8226-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Loveman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bausewein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Almond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1506-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adejoke","family":"Oluyase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mendy","family":"Dzingina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Maddocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene J.","family":"Higginson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athol","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0478-1"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206583"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30383-1","article-title":"Palliative care in interstitial lung disease: living well","volume":"5","author":"Kreuter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202040"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i-xxiv, 1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19200","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Loveman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.6","first-page":"CD006322","article-title":"Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease","volume":"10","author":"Dowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024101710521862000_7.1.00107-2020.7","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 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