{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:30:21Z","timestamp":1771842621319,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"EDCTP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TMA2019CDF-2780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019CDF-2780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"South African MRC","award":["RFA-EMU-02-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFA-EMU-02-2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TP14082193419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TP14082193419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies examining dendritic cell (DC) immunobiology in tuberculosis (TB) patients have been conflicting, and no studies have examined DCs in the peripheral blood or lungs of patients with pre- or extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide insight into DC immunobiology, we first compared the DC subsets in the peripheral blood of XDR-TB patients with that from participants with latent TB infection (LTBI). Second, we compared DC subsets from cavity biopsies from explanted lung sections with normal-appearing lung tissue from pre-XDR\/XDR-TB patients undergoing resection surgery. DCs were assessed for phenotypic and functional markers using flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the peripheral blood of XDR-TB patients, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) expressed lower levels of cluster of differentiation 83 (CD83; p=0.01), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2; p&lt;0.0001) and macrophage mannose receptor (MMR; p&lt;0.0001), with higher levels of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1; p=0.007) than pDCs from LTBI participants (p=0.01). MMR expression from the conventional DC1 (cDC1) subset in XDR-TB patients was found to be higher (p=0.02) than that from the cDC1 subset in LTBI participants. In the lung compartment (cavity and normal-appearing lung), the dominant DC subset was the pDCs (p=0.02), despite the conventional DC subsets (cDCs) expressing higher levels of C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) (p=0.02 for both comparisons), CD83 (p\u22640.03 for both comparisons), TLR-2 (p=0.02 for both comparison), MMR (p=0.02 for both comparisons) and DC-SIGN (p\u22640.05 for both comparisons).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The low frequency of cDCs in the lung cavity of XDR-TB patients in conjunction with the limited migratory and co-stimulatory expression of pDCs suggests that there is DC dysregulation in the lung mucosal milieu, possibly due to persistent disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00155-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:06:21Z","timestamp":1748351181000},"page":"00155-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dendritic cells in the lung cavities of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients exhibit altered frequency and phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rolanda","family":"Londt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Semple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Pooran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliasgar","family":"Esmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keertan","family":"Dheda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tomasicchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022301500366000_12.1.00155-2025.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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