{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:30:40Z","timestamp":1792719040216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIRD194033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIRD194033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>COPD is a major health problem, mainly due to cigarette smoking. Most studies in COPD are dedicated to fully developed COPD in older subjects, even though development of COPD may start soon after smoking initiation. Therefore, there is a need to diagnose this \u201cearly disease\u201d by detecting the initial events responsible for ultimate development of COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement of maximum mid expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (MMEF) in a routine spirometry, which detects small airways disease, was used to investigate if MMEF abnormalities in smokers without COPD (noCOPD) would relate to respiratory symptoms and identify smokers that might progress to COPD. For this purpose we studied 511 smokers, 302 COPD and 209 noCOPD, followed long term with spirometry including MMEF, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>LCO<\/jats:sub>), 6-min walk test (6MWT), Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale and COPD Assessment Test. Three spirometries V1,V2 and V3 (5\u00b12.5 and 10\u00b14\u2005years apart from V1) were performed to assess functional decline and development of COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>65% of noCOPD had an abnormal MMEF (&lt;80%) and 38% an abnormal<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>LCO<\/jats:sub>. The NoCOPD with MMEF &lt;80% group performed worse in the 6MWT (p=0.01), was more dyspnoeic (p=0.01) and had higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis than the noCOPD with MMEF&gt;80% group (p=0.04). 21% of noCOPD with MMEF &lt;80% and 2.7% with MMEF&gt;80% developed COPD by V3 (p=0.0004).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MMEF, a functional test available in a routine spirometry, can detect early lung abnormalities and identify the subset of symptomatic smokers with pathological changes that might lead to COPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00202-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T15:00:23Z","timestamp":1655996423000},"page":"00202-2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Symptomatic smokers without COPD have physiological changes heralding the development of COPD"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Erica","family":"Bazzan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Semenzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Turato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Biondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Cubero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Marin-Oto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Forner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaenrica","family":"Tin\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvise","family":"Casara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Baraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-2102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Saetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel G.","family":"Cosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101711362174000_8.2.00202-2022.1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). 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