{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1784919735377,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wheezing in childhood is common and evidence is accumulating for the role of the gut microbiome in the development of atopic wheeze. Changes to the early-life gut microbiota and secretory IgA (SIgA) production have been linked to childhood disease; however, their connection to nonatopic wheeze is unknown. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the relationships between early-life gut microbiota trajectories, SIgA and childhood nonatopic wheeze.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early-life gut microbiota, SIgA and child outcome data were collected as part of the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) cohort study on 1203 children. Gut microbiota trajectories were categorised as C1\u2013C1, C1\u2013C2, C2\u2013C1 and C2\u2013C2 based on low (cluster 1; C1) or high (cluster 2; C2) <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> abundance in faecal samples collected at 3 and 12\u2005months. SIgA was assessed in faecal samples at 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome was nonatopic wheeze before age 5 years (n=105). Logistic regression analysis showed the C1\u2013C2 trajectory, of low <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> abundance at 3 months but higher <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> abundance at 12\u2005months, to be associated with increased adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for nonatopic wheeze (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.13\u20132.67). This was further increased if the child was not exclusively breastfed and had high SIgA level in combination with the C1\u2013C2 trajectory (OR 4.10, 95% CI 1.15\u201314.59).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonatopic wheeze is associated with a depletion of <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> in infancy, and in children not exclusively breastfed the risk is further increased among those with high endogenous SIgA levels. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between the gut microbiota and immune system development during critical periods in early life and how it is linked to nonatopic wheeze in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00240-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T08:52:23Z","timestamp":1743670343000},"page":"00240-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Secretory IgA modifies the association between early-life gut microbiota trajectories and childhood nonatopic wheeze"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Linn E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein M.","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piushkumar J.","family":"Mandhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo J.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Padmaja","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart E.","family":"Turvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita L.","family":"Kozyrskyj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.08.011","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevalence of wheezing and recurrent wheezing in infants","volume":"46","author":"Alvarez-Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1487OC"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.041"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04173-2020"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.073429"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.10.023","article-title":"Atopy modifies the association between inhaled corticosteroid use and lung function decline in patients with asthma","volume":"8","author":"Marcon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2025081102300740000_11.4.00240-2025.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrieta MC , Stiemsma LT , Dimitriu PA , et al. 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