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A low inhaled UFP content in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects a high inflammatory status of airways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>EBC was collected from 58 COPD patients and 40 healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Participants underwent spirometry, diffusion capacity, EBC and blood sampling. Environmental pollution data were collected from monitoring stations. UFPs were measured in EBC and serum, and cadmium content was quantified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC (&lt;0.18\u00d710<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00b7mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) had been exposed to higher long-term PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>levels<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>subjects with high UFP concentrations in EBC (&gt;0.18\u00d710<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00b7mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) (21.9 \u00b5g\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>17.4 \u00b5g\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, p\u22640.001). Long-term PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>exposure levels correlated negatively with UFP concentrations in EBC and positively with UFP concentrations in serum (r=\u22120.54, p\u22640.001 and r=0.23, p=0.04, respectively). Healthy smokers had higher cadmium levels in EBC<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>healthy nonsmokers and COPD patients (25.2 ppm<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>23.7 ppm and 23.3 ppm, p=0.02 and p=0.002, respectively). Subjects with low UFP concentrations in EBC also had low cadmium levels in EBC<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>subjects with high UFP levels (22.8 ppm<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>24.2 ppm, p=0.004)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low UFP concentration in EBC is an indicator of high-level PM exposure. High cadmium levels in EBC among smokers and the association between cadmium and UFP content in EBC among COPD patients indicate cadmium lung toxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00361-2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T12:56:51Z","timestamp":1600088211000},"page":"00361-2019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cigarette-related cadmium and environmental pollution exposure are reflected in airway ultrafine particle content"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8669-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einat Klein","family":"Fireman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yochai","family":"Adir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fireman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aharon","family":"Kessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101708003098000_6.3.00361-2019.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09155-4","article-title":"Advancing environmental exposure assessment science to benefit society","volume":"10","author":"Caplin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024101708003098000_6.3.00361-2019.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702747"},{"key":"2024101708003098000_6.3.00361-2019.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1976OC"},{"key":"2024101708003098000_6.3.00361-2019.4","unstructured":"WHO. 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