{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1781359753609,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22fk0108129h0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22fk0108129h0802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study assessed longitudinal national data on mortality due to nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTMosis) and bronchiectasis and the association between the two diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed the national death statistics of Japan from 1970 to 2015. The International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes were used to extract the relevant data. Crude mortality, age-adjusted mortality and standardised mortality rates were calculated using vital statistics and the population in 2000. We also identified domestic publications related to NTMosis and bronchiectasis with an internet-based search system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total number of bronchiectasis-related deaths remained at the same level, which was approximately 1000, for 45\u2005years, although the number of deaths has consistently decreased in males but increased in females since the mid-1990s. A substantial increasing trend in females was also observed for NTMosis in the same period. The age-adjusted mortality data showed an increase in mortality in women due to NTMosis and confirmed the trend in bronchiectasis in women. The patterns in the number of domestic reports showed a recent slight increase in bronchiectasis and a marked increase in NTMosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trends in bronchiectasis-related mortality differed by sex. The epidemiological trends in the two diseases were associated, especially in elderly females since the mid-1990s. It is suggested that pulmonary NTMosis without pre-existing bronchiectasis might be a leading cause of postinfectious bronchiectasis in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00424-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T18:38:29Z","timestamp":1669919909000},"page":"00424-2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis and bronchiectasis: comparative study using national mortality statistics from 1970 to 2015 in 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