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These subjects were assessed during quiet breathing, breathing against inspiratory load<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>nasal airway and recovery. The measurements were repeated using two different devices (pressure threshold and flow resistance). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle activity were evaluated by optoelectronic plethysmography and surface electromyography, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the application of inspiratory load, there was a significant reduction in respiratory rate (p&lt;0.04) and an increase in inspiratory time (p&lt;0.02), total time of respiratory cycle (p&lt;0.02), minute ventilation (p&lt;0.03), tidal volume (p&lt;0.01) and scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles activity (root mean square values, p&lt;0.01) when compared to quiet spontaneous breathing and recovery, regardless of load level or device applied. The application of inspiratory load using the flow resistance device showed an increase in the tidal volume (p&lt;0.02) and end-inspiratory volume (p&lt;0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For both devices, the addition of inspiratory loads using a nasal interface had a positive effect on the breathing pattern. However, the flow resistance device was more effective in generating volume and, therefore, has advantages compared to pressure threshold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00480-2021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T15:55:12Z","timestamp":1649346912000},"page":"00480-2021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Breathing pattern and muscle activity using different inspiratory resistance devices in children with mouth breathing syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Danielle","family":"Medeiros da Fons\u00eaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Aliverti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kadja","family":"Ben\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria Soraya","family":"de Farias Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Fontes Silva da Cunha Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Regiane","family":"Resqueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Augusto","family":"de Freitas Fregonezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132011000400009","article-title":"Respira\u00e7\u00e3o bucal e anterioriza\u00e7\u00e3o da cabe\u00e7a: efeitos na biomec\u00e2nica respirat\u00f3ria e na capacidade de exerc\u00edcio em crian\u00e7as [Mouth breathing and forward head posture: effects on respiratory biomechanics and exercise capacity in children]","volume":"37","author":"Okuro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5935\/1808-8694.20130037","article-title":"Walk test and school performance in mouth-breathing children","volume":"79","author":"Boas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2013.7630011","article-title":"Deficits in working memory, reading comprehension and arithmetic skills in children with mouth breathing syndrome: analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"133","author":"Kuroishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Medical J"},{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.9771\/cmbio.v13i3.12953","article-title":"Implica\u00e7\u00f5es sist\u00eamicas e conduta cl\u00ednica da s\u00edndrome do respirador bucal: revis\u00e3o da literatura [Systemic implications and clinical management of mouth breathing syndrome: literature review]","volume":"13","author":"da Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.08.026","article-title":"Influence of the breathing pattern on the learning process: a systematic review of literature","volume":"82","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2024101711295736000_8.2.00480-2021.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S1809-48722011000200016","article-title":"Repercuss\u00f5es da respira\u00e7\u00e3o oral no estado nutricional: por que acontece? 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