{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1770154426864,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Plan on enhancing scientific research in Guangzhou Medical University","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["ZNSA-2020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNSA-2020013"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plans","award":["202102010372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102010372"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plans","award":["2023B03J0407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B03J0407"]}]},{"name":"The Study of the Common Key Technologies of Large-scale Development of Novel Inhaled Preparations","award":["2017ZX09201002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX09201002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82170003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82170003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82222001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82222001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019B030316028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030316028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The early radiological signs of progression in bronchiectasis remain unclear. The objective of the present study was to compare endobronchial optical coherence tomography (EB-OCT) and chest computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of radiological progression of bronchiectasis<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>stratification of the presence (TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) or absence (TW<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) of thickened-walled bronchioles surrounding dilated bronchi in patients with bronchiectasis based on CT, and determine the risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective cohort study, we performed both chest CT and EB-OCT at baseline and 5-year follow-up, to compare changes in airway calibre metrics. We evaluated bacterial microbiology, sputum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels and free neutrophil elastase activity at baseline. We compared clinical characteristics and airway calibre metrics between the TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and TW<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>groups. We ascertained radiological progression at 5\u2005years<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>CT and EB-OCT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 75 patients between 2014 and 2017. At baseline, EB-OCT metrics (mean luminal diameter (p=0.017), inner airway area (p=0.005) and airway wall area (p=0.009) of seventh- to ninth-generation bronchioles) were significantly greater in the TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>group than in the TW<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>group. Meanwhile, EB-OCT did not reveal bronchiole dilatation (compared with the same segment of normal bronchioles) surrounding nondilated bronchi on CT in the TW<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>group. At 5\u2005years, 53.1% of patients in the TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>group progressed to have bronchiectasis measured with EB-OCT, compared with only 3.3% in TW<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>group (p&lt;0.05). 34 patients in the TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>group demonstrated marked dilatation of medium-sized and small airways. Higher baseline neutrophil elastase activity and TW<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>bronchioles on CT predicted progression of bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thickened-walled bronchioles surrounding the dilated bronchi, identified with EB-OCT, indicates progression of bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00490-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T16:26:51Z","timestamp":1683822411000},"page":"00490-2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endobronchial optical coherence tomography or computed tomography for evaluating progression of 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