{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:05:18Z","timestamp":1792613118667,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Published reference equations for impulse oscillometry (IOS) usually encompass a specific age group but not the entire lifespan. This may lead to discordant predicted values when two or more non-coincident equations can be applied to the same person, or when a person moves from one equation to the next non-convergent equation as he or she gets older. Thus, our aim was to provide a single reference equation for each IOS variable that could be applied from infancy to old age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an ambispective cross-sectional study in healthy nonsmokers, most of whom lived in Mexico City, who underwent IOS according to international standards. A multivariate piecewise linear regression, also known as segmented regression, was used to obtain reference equations for each IOS variable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a population of 830 subjects (54.0% female) aged 2.7 to 90\u2005years (54.8% children \u226412\u2005years), segmented regression estimated two breakpoints for age in almost all IOS variables, except for R5\u2212R20 in which only one breakpoint was detected. With this approach, multivariate regressions including sex, age, height and body mass index as independent variables were constructed, and coefficients for calculating predicted value, lower and upper limits of normal, percentage of predicted and z-score were obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provides IOS reference equations that include the major determinants of lung function,<jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>sex, age, height and body mass index, that can be easily implemented for subjects of almost any age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00503-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T15:15:26Z","timestamp":1699542926000},"page":"00503-2023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Reference equations using segmented regressions for impulse oscillometry in healthy subjects aged 2.7\u201390 years"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gochicoa-Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8613-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Brise\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Guerrero-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4975-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Contreras-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7191-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dulce","family":"Arias-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-9113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Del-R\u00edo-Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico Isaac","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilio O.","family":"Ceballos-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Silva-Cer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4187-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri De Jes\u00fas","family":"Mora-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Torre-Bouscoulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1344-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario H.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1038","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00222.2020","article-title":"Oscillometry of the respiratory system: a translational opportunity not to be missed","volume":"320","author":"Lundblad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00439-2021"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.10.036"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01662-7","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry for detection of small airway dysfunction in subjects with chronic respiratory symptoms and preserved pulmonary function","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-017-0105-4","article-title":"Effects of combination therapy indacaterol\/glycopyrronium versus tiotropium on moderate to severe COPD: evaluation of impulse oscillometry and exacerbation rate","volume":"12","author":"Molino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2022.2094803","article-title":"Usefulness of simultaneous impulse oscillometry and spirometry with airway response to bronchodilator in the diagnosis of asthmatic cough","volume":"60","author":"Taniuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00753-2019"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03374"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05247"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.11","first-page":"90","article-title":"Estandarizaci\u00f3n de la oscilometr\u00eda de impulso y generaci\u00f3n de ecuaciones piloto para generar valores de referencia en el Hospital Central Militar","volume":"72","author":"Contreras-Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Sanid Milit Mex"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00089403"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.01.015","article-title":"Forty years of reference values for respiratory system impedance in adults: 1977\u20132017","volume":"136","author":"Kalchiem-Dekel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12783","article-title":"Reference values for respiratory impedance measured by the forced oscillation technique in adult men and women","volume":"12","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.15","first-page":"25","article-title":"Respiratory resistance by impulse oscillometry in healthy Iranian children aged 5\u201319 years","volume":"7","author":"Amra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S214297","article-title":"Impulse oscillometry reference values and bronchodilator response in three- to five-year-old children living at high altitude","volume":"12","author":"Due\u00f1as-Meza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2006.00682.x"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1266"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020438"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.716472","article-title":"Reference values of impulse oscillometry and its utility in the diagnosis of asthma in young Korean children","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-3376","article-title":"Reference values of respiratory impedance with impulse oscillometry in healthy Chinese adults","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2002.00396.x"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20926"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00126212"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2011.54.2.64","article-title":"Reference values for respiratory system impedance using impulse oscillometry in healthy preschool children","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063366"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1956.8.6.587","article-title":"Oscillation mechanics of lungs and chest in man","volume":"8","author":"Dubois","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.012113","article-title":"The Global Lung Function Initiative: dispelling some myths of lung function test interpretation","volume":"9","author":"Stanojevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.29","first-page":"4","article-title":"La necesidad de valores de referencia para pruebas de funci\u00f3n respiratoria [The necessity of reference values for respiratory function tests]","volume":"1","author":"P\u00e9rez-Padilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Amer Med Respir"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00010-2017"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00289-2020"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01211.2009"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12349","article-title":"Spirometric reference equations for Swedish adults","volume":"37","author":"Brisman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-001087"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-0971(70)80045-6"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.36","first-page":"777","article-title":"Effect of growth and aging on the static mechanical lung properties","volume":"13","author":"Yernault","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0208-2021"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25898","DOI":"10.3402\/ecrj.v1.25898","article-title":"Techniques of assessing small airways dysfunction","volume":"1","author":"McNulty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Clin Respir J"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S138540","article-title":"Small airways disease: time for a revisit?","volume":"12","author":"Stockley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.002"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0913"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2015"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00160-2019"},{"key":"2024101712072948000_9.6.00503-2023.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25984","article-title":"Reference values for respiratory sinusoidal oscillometry in children aged 3 to 17 years","volume":"57","author":"Ducharme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"}],"container-title":["ERJ Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00503-2023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1740375028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00503-2023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/23120541.00503-2023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00503-2023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2312-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2312-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}}}