{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:26:39Z","timestamp":1792639599718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nontypeable\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NTHi) is commonly isolated from airways of patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD or cystic fibrosis (CF). However, to what extent NTHi long-term infection contributes to the lung inflammatory burden during chronic airway disease is still controversial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Here, we exploited human respiratory samples from a small cohort of CF patients and found that patients chronically infected with NTHi had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and CXCL1 than those who were not infected. To better define the impact of chronic NTHi infection in fuelling inflammatory response in chronic lung diseases, we developed a new mouse model using both laboratory and clinical strains. Chronic NTHi infection was associated with chronic inflammation of the lung, characterised by recruitment of neutrophils and cytokine release keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CFS), IL-6, IL-17A and IL-17F) at 2 and 14 days post-infection. An increased burden of T-cell-mediated response (CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and ?d cells) and higher levels of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (pro-MMP9), known to be associated with tissue remodelling, were observed at 14 days post-infection. Of note we found that both CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    IL-17\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and levels of IL-17 cytokines were enriched in mice at advanced stages of NTHi chronic infection. Moreover, by immunohistochemistry we found CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , B220\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CXCL-13\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells localised in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue-like structures at day 14.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that chronic NTHi infection exerts a pro-inflammatory activity in the human and murine lung and could therefore contribute to the exaggerated burden of lung inflammation in patients at risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00614-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1606413620000},"page":"00614-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chronic infection by nontypeable\n                    <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n                    fuels airway inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8446-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Saliu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bragonzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Cariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela 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