{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:51:56Z","timestamp":1790527916500,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007582","name":"Alberta Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research and Innovation Seed Grant from Respirator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research and Innovation Seed Grant from Respirator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alberta Economic Development and Trade"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>Delivery of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea in children and adults. Treatment adherence is a major challenge, as many patients find the CPAP mask uncomfortable. The study aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of delivered CPAP through customised nasal masks by assessing mask leak and comfort of customised masks compared to commercially available CPAP masks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six healthy adult volunteers participated in a crossover study including commercial masks in three different sizes (petite, small\/medium and large) from the same supplier and a customised mask fabricated for each subject using three-dimensional facial scanning and modern additive manufacturing processes. Mask leak and comfort were assessed with varying CPAP levels and mask tightness. Leak was measured in real time using an inline low-resistance Pitot tube flow sensor, and each mask was ranked for comfort by the subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mask leak rates varied directly with CPAP level and inversely with mask tightness. When ranked for comfort, three subjects favoured the customised mask, while three favoured a commercial mask. The petite mask yielded the highest mask leaks and was ranked least comfortable by all subjects. Relative mask leaks and comfort rankings for the other commercial and customised masks varied between individuals. Mask leak was comparable when comparing the customised masks with the highest ranked commercial masks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Customised masks successfully delivered target CPAP settings in all six subjects, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00632-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T19:31:09Z","timestamp":1607628669000},"page":"00632-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Feasibility of three-dimensional facial imaging and printing for producing customised nasal masks for continuous positive airway pressure"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Duong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Olmstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ungrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pina","family":"Colarusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna E.","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.1","first-page":"1323","article-title":"New developments in the use of positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"7","author":"Donovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0391-y"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.4","first-page":"245","article-title":"Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: implications for future interventions","volume":"131","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-016-0156-0","article-title":"Trends in CPAP adherence over twenty years of data collection: a flattened curve","volume":"45","author":"Rotenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06642"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1054","article-title":"Air leak is associated with poor adherence to autoPAP therapy","volume":"34","author":"Valentin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02139"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.4.1112"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2014.01.030","article-title":"Clinical verification of patients with obstructive sleep apnea provided with a customized cushion for continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"113","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"2024101711002159000_7.1.00632-2020.11","unstructured":"Sela M , Toledo N , Honen Y , et al. 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