{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:09:35Z","timestamp":1772165375663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic breathlessness occurs across many different conditions, often independently of disease severity. Yet, despite being strongly linked to adverse outcomes, the consideration of chronic breathlessness as a stand-alone therapeutic target remains limited. Here we use data-driven techniques to identify and confirm the stability of underlying features (factors) driving breathlessness across different cardiorespiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Questionnaire data on 182 participants with main diagnoses of asthma (21.4%), COPD (24.7%), heart failure (19.2%), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (18.7%), other interstitial lung disease (2.7%), and \u201cother diagnoses\u201d (13.2%) were entered into an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Participants were stratified based on their EFA factor scores. We then examined model stability using 6-month follow-up data and established the most compact set of measures describing the breathlessness experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this dataset, we have identified four stable factors that underlie the experience of breathlessness. These factors were assigned the following descriptive labels: 1) body burden, 2) affect\/mood, 3) breathing burden and 4) anger\/frustration. Stratifying patients by their scores across the four factors revealed two groups corresponding to high and low burden. These two groups were not related to the primary disease diagnosis and remained stable after 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this work, we identified and confirmed the stability of underlying features of breathlessness. Previous work in this domain has been largely limited to single-diagnosis patient groups without subsequent re-testing of model stability. This work provides further evidence supporting disease independent approaches to assess breathlessness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00818-2020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T12:55:19Z","timestamp":1615467319000},"page":"00818-2020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A common model for the breathlessness experience across cardiorespiratory disease"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2249-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle T.S.","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefin","family":"Sundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Sk\u00f6ld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christer","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Blomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02277-2016"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100683","article-title":"Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge","volume":"31","author":"Raman","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.12.018","article-title":"Dyspnea and emotional states in health and disease","volume":"107","author":"Scano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5.1434"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.03.007"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00152609"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.07.019","article-title":"Breathlessness and the body: Neuroimaging clues for the inferential leap","volume":"95","author":"Faull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038914"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0841OC"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13736","article-title":"The enigma of dyspnoea in COPD: A physiological perspective","volume":"25","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01128-9","article-title":"Dyspnea in COPD: New mechanistic insights and management implications","volume":"37","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.13","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, I. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2020 Report) . 2020. https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/GOLD-2020-FINAL-ver1.2-03Dec19_WMV.pdf Date last updated: December 19, 2019."},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00471-X","article-title":"Cross-trial prediction of treatment outcome in depression: a machine learning approach","volume":"3","author":"Chekroud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.05.008"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-017-0434-4"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001118","article-title":"Machine learning in pain research","volume":"159","author":"L\u00f6tsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1754OC"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1665OC"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00350-2015"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison OK , Marlow L , Finnegan S , et al. Dissociating breathlessness symptoms from mood in asthma. bioRxiv 2020; preprint [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.15.204289]; doi:10.1101\/2020.07.15.204289.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.15.204289"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finnegan SL , Harrison OK , Harmer CJ , et al. Breathlessness in COPD: linking symptom clusters with brain activity. Eur Respir J 2021; in press [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.04099-2020]. doi:10.1183\/13993003.04099-2020.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04099-2020"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00275-2019"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2018-000381"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000418"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.028","article-title":"Minimal clinically important differences and feasibility of Dyspnea-12 and the multidimensional dyspnea profile in cardiorespiratory disease","volume":"60","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530028","DOI":"10.1080\/20018525.2018.1530028","article-title":"Validation of the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Grufstedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Clin Respir J"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.118521"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201708-631OC","article-title":"Test performance characteristics of the AIR, GAD-7 and HADS-anxiety screening questionnaires for anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.32","first-page":"7","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pract Assess, Res, Eval"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.10.1.p040","article-title":"Robust factor analysis in the presence of normality violations, missing data, and outliers: Empirical questions and possible solutions","volume":"10","author":"Zygmont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quant Methods Psychol"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1029-242X-2013-203","article-title":"Comparison of hierarchical cluster analysis methods by cophenetic correlation","volume":"2013","author":"Sara\u00e7li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Inequ Appl"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502760047131"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.015"},{"key":"2024101711055422000_7.2.00818-2020.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.039321"}],"container-title":["ERJ Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00818-2020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:07:09Z","timestamp":1740355629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.00818-2020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/23120541.00818-2020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00818-2020","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.09.29.20203943","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2312-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2312-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]}}}