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A persistent upregulation (<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>healthy controls) of inflammatory and remodelling factors, including among others, Galectin-1 (Gal-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), were observed. Patients with moderate to severe parenchymal involvement (&gt;5% of lung tissue) on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) had higher levels of the proteins lysosomal associated membrane protein-3 (LAMP3) and MMP7 compared with patients with minor (&lt;5%) or no findings on HRCT. Both proteins demonstrated consecutive associations to lung function and parenchymal involvement. Histological evaluation of LAMP3 in lung tissue confirmed LAMP3 localisation to alveolar type 2 cells in more preserved areas of the parenchyma. However, areas of remodelling were devoid of LAMP3 concurrent with the appearance of KRT5+ and KRT17+ basal cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite functional and radiological improvements following COVID-19, persistent upregulation of inflammation and remodelling factors were observed. Similarities in the expression of LAMP3 in COVID-19 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis may suggest it as a potential biomarker for chronic lung damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00981-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:10:25Z","timestamp":1741349425000},"page":"00981-2024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protein profiling in intensive care unit-treated COVID-19 patients identifies biomarkers of residual lung abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kalafatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Bj\u00f6rnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5615-893X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Svobodov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kistner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Nygren-Bonnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Runold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bruchfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Wheelock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Dellgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0457-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Elowsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Westergren-Thorsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Sk\u00f6ld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12182238","article-title":"Pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19: focus on interstitial lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Johnston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30434-5"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02390-1","article-title":"Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations","volume":"134","author":"Ducloyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-218275"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0564OC","article-title":"Residual lung abnormalities following COVID-19 hospitalization: interim analysis of the UKILD post-COVID study","volume":"207","author":"Stewart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102000","article-title":"Long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection: a retrospective, multi-database cohort study in Hong Kong and the UK","volume":"60","author":"Lam","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2025062304001806000_11.3.00981-2024.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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