{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:44:11Z","timestamp":1792035851592,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEDCITY","award":["C2N 543922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C2N 543922"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/V006738\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/V006738\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Respiratory RNA viral infections significantly impact quality of life and productivity, in terms of both pandemics (\n                      <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                      severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza A viruses) and seasonal infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Globally, there are an estimated 33.8 million cases of RSV annually in children aged &lt;5\u2005years, leading to 2.8\u20134.3 million hospital admissions and up to 199\u2009000 deaths. Human-relevant drug screening models are key to addressing the urgent need for effective antiviral treatments for RSV, particularly in vulnerable patient groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we present a donor-derived differentiated primary human nasal epithelial cell, high-throughput screening (HTS) Transwell-96 air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) model designed to investigate the effects of combination antiviral therapies on RSV infection in primary human ciliated airway epithelium. In addition, we describe novel analytical tools using R (ciliR) to screen drug combinations by concurrently measuring efficacy and ciliary beat frequency, which we used as a sensitive marker of cell toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that the higher-throughput HTS Transwell-96 ALI cultures retain epithelial composition and ciliary function consistent within donor replicates. These cultures are permissible to infection with an RSV-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter virus, enabling quantitative comparison and combination treatment across multiple epithelial cultures from the same donor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We anticipate that our disease-relevant system will serve as a foundation for larger-scale experiments aimed at optimising combination therapy for RSV and other respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01283-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T18:55:25Z","timestamp":1771268125000},"page":"01283-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Donor-derived airway air\u2013liquid interface model for high-throughput screening of antiviral combinations with concurrent analysis of antiviral efficacy and epithelial toxicity using ciliR"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6735-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriane","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani Do Hyang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert 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