{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:16:15Z","timestamp":1788290175904,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013037","name":"Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1159914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1159914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Co\u2013Centre for Sustainable Food Systems (funded by Science Foundation Ireland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ERJ Open Res"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The contribution of dietary sodium to asthma development remains unclear, particularly for adult-onset disease. We examined associations between estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion, table salt use and incident asthma in a large prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 420\u2009041 adults aged 40\u201369\u2005years without prior asthma. Incident asthma was ascertained through linked health records. Urinary sodium was estimated using the INTERSALT equation from spot urine samples. Frequency of adding salt at the table was self-reported. Associations were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a median 10.9-year follow-up, 11\u2009927 participants developed asthma. Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of estimated urinary sodium was associated with increased asthma incidence (hazard ratio (HR) 1.50, 95% CI 1.41\u20131.59). Associations were stronger in females (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.44\u20131.68) than males (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.39; p-heterogeneity=0.0011) and in individuals with low eosinophil counts &lt;300\u2005cells\u00b7\u00b5L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.43\u20131.66) compared with those \u2265300\u2005cells\u00b7\u00b5L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.40; p-heterogeneity=0.0017). Associations were also stronger in never-smokers (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.51\u20131.79) than former (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.33\u20131.60) or current smokers (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.36; p-heterogeneity=0.0008). Frequent table salt use (\u201calways\u201d\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201cnever\/rarely\u201d) was associated with higher asthma incidence (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19\u20131.37), with no meaningful subgroup differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher estimated urinary sodium excretion and frequent table salt use were associated with greater asthma incidence. Stronger associations in women and individuals with low eosinophil counts suggest potential phenotype-specific susceptibility. Randomised studies are warranted to test whether sodium reduction lowers asthma risk in these subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01654-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1773321315000},"page":"01654-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urinary sodium, table salt use and incidence of late-onset asthma in females and males: evidence from a large prospective cohort"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5414-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Kronsteiner-Gicevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha S.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Gaggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aed\u00edn","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5905-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola P.","family":"Bondonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9398-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charmaine J.M.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robab","family":"Breyer-Kohansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilman","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02475-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.2","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma . Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2024. Date last updated: 22 May 2024. Date last accessed: 1 November 2025. https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/2024-report\/"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.12.1119"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9812110"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201611-2232PP","article-title":"Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma","volume":"197","author":"Carr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201405-0859PP"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000227"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4089"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00826-2023"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00156-7"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64008-5","article-title":"Association between a western diet and asthma among children and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Emrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010030","article-title":"Changes in expression of genes regulating airway inflammation following a high-fat mixed meal in asthmatics","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.036"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.004"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0067-2021"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-214875"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161807"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601975"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.04.055","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment options for T2-low asthma","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.6.143S"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6534.1483"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.9.941"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.9.875"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.5.360"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16148","article-title":"The impact of high-salt diet on asthma in humans and mice: effect on specific T-cell signatures and microbiome","volume":"79","author":"Musiol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.87"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau0683"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12915","article-title":"The role of salt for immune cell function and disease","volume":"154","author":"Willebrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.04.002","article-title":"Sodium and its manifold impact on our immune system","volume":"42","author":"Jobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.162494","article-title":"Epithelial sodium and chloride channels and asthma","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0433-4","article-title":"High salt diet exacerbates colitis in mice by decreasing Lactobacillus levels and butyrate production","volume":"6","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1607161"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.33","unstructured":"Willett W . Nutritional Epidemiology (Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics). 3rd Edn. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013."},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt066"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv313"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200601000-00012"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu116"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13391","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour diet recall and diet records compared with 24-hour urinary excretion to predict an individual's sodium consumption: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"McLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-024-01502-9"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13117"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262s","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719576","article-title":"Relationship and interaction between sodium and potassium","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307270"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2023.2247490","article-title":"Genetic relationships between high blood eosinophil count, asthma susceptibility, and asthma severity","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000441151.55320.c3"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1999.79.3.763"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-168"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02059-2023"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.49","first-page":"CD000436","article-title":"Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma","volume":"3","author":"Pogson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01103.x"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.4.1138","article-title":"Are asthmatics salt-sensitive? A preliminary controlled study","volume":"104","author":"Medici","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.48.7.714"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489850182314"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02740"},{"key":"2026090111401446000_12.4.01654-2025.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.012468"}],"container-title":["ERJ Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.01654-2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:40:24Z","timestamp":1788288024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/23120541.01654-2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/23120541.01654-2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.01654-2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2312-0541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2312-0541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}