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The objective of the present study was to trial bronchoscopic polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to assess ASM remodelling and its distribution\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      throughout the lungs in individuals with and without asthma.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants with (n=7) and without (n=13) doctor-diagnosed asthma undergoing bronchoscopy were recruited to obtain PS-OCT imaging data during the procedure. ASM area in large and small airways was measured and normalised for airway size (lumen perimeter). ASM remodelling was defined as ASM mass (ASM area\/perimeter\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) &gt;1.96\u2005\n                      <jats:sc>sd<\/jats:sc>\n                      above a histological reference control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and main results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PS-OCT quantified ASM mass was greater in participants with asthma (median 0.0072, Q1\u2013Q3 0.0064\u20130.0089) compared with the control group (0.0039, 0.0035\u20130.0049), (p=0.012). ASM remodelling was also more prevalent in the asthma group (44% of airways examined, 24\u201353%) than in the control group (0%, 0\u20134%) (p=0.007). ASM mass was heterogeneously distributed within airways, lungs and the sample population. Phenotypes of ASM remodelling (based on location in small or large airways) were apparent in the asthma group, compared with the control group where participants were all classified as non-remodelled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PS-OCT is a minimally invasive, accurate, efficient and effective modality to measure ASM mass. Visualising and quantifying ASM in patients with asthma provides an opportunity to make ASM remodelling a treatable trait and may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01826-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:15:28Z","timestamp":1773321328000},"page":"01826-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping airway smooth muscle remodelling\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    using polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3940-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael 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