{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T17:32:05Z","timestamp":1777224725784,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Respir J"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies or soluble TNF receptors have become an invaluable treatment against chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. Individuals who are treated with TNF antagonists are at an increased risk of reactivating latent infections, especially tuberculosis (TB).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Following TNF antagonist therapy, the relative risk for TB is increased up to 25 times, depending on the clinical setting and the TNF antagonist used. Interferon-\u03b3 release assays or, as an alternative in individuals without a history of bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination, tuberculin skin testing is recommended to screen all adult candidates for TNF antagonist treatment for the presence of latent infection with<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Moreover, paediatric practice suggests concomitant use of both the tuberculin skin test and an interferon-\u03b3 release assay, as there are insufficient data in children to recommend one test over the other. Consequently, targeted preventive chemotherapy is highly recommended for all individuals with persistent<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-specific immune responses undergoing TNF antagonist therapy as it significantly reduces the risk of progression to TB.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This TBNET consensus statement summarises current knowledge and expert opinions and provides evidence-based recommendations to reduce the TB risk among candidates for TNF antagonist therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00028510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T02:46:47Z","timestamp":1275965207000},"page":"1185-1206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":430,"title":["The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: a TBNET consensus statement"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Solovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.J.","family":"Gomez-Reino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.L.","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.J.","family":"Milburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Hellmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Groves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.S.","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Sotgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.H.","family":"Sch\u00f6lvinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Goletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.P.","family":"Zellweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Diel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bartalesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ravn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bossink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Erkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.B.","family":"Migliori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(01)02064-5"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02143.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401189"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21137"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21978"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11301"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11137"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.93"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050842"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429998"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20009"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424455"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011110"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22768"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-009-0686-8"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2575"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1613OC"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214673"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.20","first-page":"620","article-title":"Screening for tuberculosis infection before the initiation of an anti-TNF-alpha therapy","volume":"137","author":"Beglinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32832dda55"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6728"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90676-4"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1847-1855.2001"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.12.6072","article-title":"Blockade of endogenous TNF-alpha exacerbates primary and secondary pulmonary histoplasmosis by differential mechanisms","volume":"160","author":"Allendoerfer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.9.2894","article-title":"Evidence that tumor necrosis factor has an important role in antibacterial resistance","volume":"143","author":"Havell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4620"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.28","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha regulates in vivo intrapulmonary expression of ICAM-1","volume":"142","author":"Mulligan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90001-2"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62331-0"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4852"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2567-2572.1991","article-title":"Effect of mycobacteria on sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"59","author":"Filley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2100-2107.2002"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.483"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.1.117"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.6.3504","article-title":"Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin","volume":"162","author":"Bean","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.10.5210"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.2.239"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70227-5"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.2.418"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.41","first-page":"2264","article-title":"In vitro observations of T cell responsiveness to recall antigens during tumor necrosis factor-alpha-blocking therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"34","author":"Appel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1994"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505430"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.06.008"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02309.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.2.206"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00382-2"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.105379"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38482"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20225"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030194","article-title":"Differences in reactivation of tuberculosis induced from anti-TNF treatments are based on bioavailability in granulomatous tissue","volume":"3","author":"Marino","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Comp Biol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597204"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7450"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2003.09.010"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90628-9"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen YF Jobanputra P Barton P . A systematic review of the effectiveness of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults and an economic evaluation of their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: iii\u2013iv, xi\u2013xiii, 1\u2013229.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10420"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23721"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.58","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Good clinical response, remission, and predictors of remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers: the GISEA study","volume":"34","author":"Mancarella","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00005"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.044354"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08215-6"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.075879"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLeod C Bagust A Boland A . Adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1\u2013158, iii\u2013iv.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11280"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23471"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23901"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.66","first-page":"587","article-title":"Etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Woolacott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706290"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.087130"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090952"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710093371502"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08512-4"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.041"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062897"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067594"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08666.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09505.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.105948"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menter A Feldman SR Weinstein GD . A randomized comparison of continuous vs. intermittent infliximab maintenance regimens over 1 year in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 31 e1\u2013e15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.07.017"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.03039.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09563.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67566-6"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2008.07036","article-title":"Long-term management of generalized pustular psoriasis with infliximab: case series","volume":"12","author":"Routhouska","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23835"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.07.042"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030409"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066886"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.05.027"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.09.010"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.03161.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.12.003"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200809010-00001"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.087288"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08372.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1347"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200708020-00002"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24476"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.047274"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.100","first-page":"706","article-title":"Incidence of tuberculosis in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): effects of RA itself and of tumor necrosis factor blockers","volume":"34","author":"Seong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.101","first-page":"1436","article-title":"Increased risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Carmona","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jidsymp.5650027"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.400"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3110"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/506935"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24632"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.107","first-page":"247","article-title":"Tuberculosis in rheumatic patients treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists: the Portuguese experience","volume":"31","author":"Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511082"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0506.990607"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.110","first-page":"247","article-title":"[Tuberculosis in rheumatic patients treated with tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists: the Portuguese experience.]","volume":"31","author":"Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.118935"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587989"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.046797"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.114","first-page":"683","article-title":"Tuberculosis associated with blocking agents against tumor necrosis factor-alpha: California, 2002\u20132003","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21043"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.8.791"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.117","first-page":"6","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and tuberculosis: guidance from the National TB Advisory Committee","volume":"101","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.118","first-page":"413","article-title":"Recommendations for the use of biologic (TNF-alpha blocking) agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Italy","volume":"24","author":"Valesini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.029041"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328329c6cb"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-10-200711200-00006"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236","article-title":"The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies","volume":"7","author":"Barry CE 3rd, Boshoff HI, Dartois V","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35095558"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00120908"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.125","first-page":"1370","article-title":"Die Allergieprobe zur Diagnose der Tuberkulose im Kindesalter","volume":"57","author":"von Pirquet","year":"1907","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931013"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02742-2"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2009100"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03462.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.14.1740"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507427"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem351"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00586.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl416"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.5.1274-1282.1996","article-title":"Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis","volume":"178","author":"Mahairas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-6-95"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32813e3fd8"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.6.968"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-024ED"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00006"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05115-1"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.143","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Interferon-gamma assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection before using tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers","volume":"11","author":"Cobanoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070789"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.145","first-page":"776","article-title":"Comparison of an interferon-gamma assay with tuberculin skin testing for detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a TB-endemic population","volume":"35","author":"Ponce de Leon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.146","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (elispot) compared to tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment","volume":"35","author":"Vassilopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0519-1"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00107608"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2008.12.004"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101857"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080854"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09331.x"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081292"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090268"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597351"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.156","unstructured":"Rieder HL , Epidemiologic basis of tuberculosis control. Paris, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1999."},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.supplement_3.ats600"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.11.887"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.159","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Immune reconstitution to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after discontinuing infliximab","volume":"9","author":"Belknap","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427941"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.069484"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.162","first-page":"252","article-title":"Safety of anti-TNFalpha therapy in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Dekker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.087593"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.087411"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23427"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200202213460815"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh074"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767120-00005"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20845"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22838"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283060778"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70182-8"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00153408"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.106617"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519266"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181a16394"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1214673"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii62","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.suppl_2.ii62","article-title":"Preliminary guidelines for diagnosing and treating tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in immunosuppressive trials or being treated with biological agents","volume":"61","author":"Furst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(02)00387-1"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.180","unstructured":"Sociedad EspanolaReumatologia. Actualizacion de la guia de practica clinica para el manejo de la arthritis reumatoide en Espana. 2007. www.ser.es\/ArchivosDESCARGABLES\/Proyectos\/GUIPCAR_2007\/GUIPCAR2007-Completa.pdf."},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.181","first-page":"278","article-title":"TNF-alpha blockers in inflammatory bowel diseases: practical consensus recommendations and a user's guide","volume":"139","author":"Pache","year":"2009","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.069799"},{"key":"2024102020193582000_36.5.1185.183","first-page":"733","article-title":"Update: fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection, and revisions in American Thoracic Society\/CDC recommendations: United States, 2001","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["European Respiratory Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.00028510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T06:33:39Z","timestamp":1740378819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/09031936.00028510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/09031936.00028510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00028510","relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-1936","1399-3003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,7]]}}}