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Immunocompromised patients (n=663) were compared with non-immunocompromised patients (n=2297).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The incidence of VA-LRTI was significantly lower among immunocompromised than among non-immunocompromised patients (16.6%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>24.2%; sub-hazard ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.53\u20130.80; p&lt;0.0001). Similar results were found regarding ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (7.3%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>11.6%; sub-hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.45\u20130.84; p=0.002) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (9.3%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>12.7%; sub-hazard ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.54\u20130.95; p=0.019). Among patients with VA-LRTI, the rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (72%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>59%; p=0.011) and intensive care unit mortality were significantly higher among immunocompromised than among non-immunocompromised patients (54%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>30%; OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.78\u20134.02; p&lt;0.0001). In patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality rates were higher among immunocompromised than among non-immunocompromised patients (64%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>34%; p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Incidence of VA-LRTI was significantly lower among immunocompromised patients, but it was associated with a significantly higher mortality rate. Multidrug-resistant pathogens were more frequently found in immunocompromised patients with VA-LRTI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01656-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1518451712000},"page":"1701656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Impact of immunosuppression on incidence, aetiology and outcome of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Moreau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Martin-Loeches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Povoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Salluh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arnaud W.","family":"Thille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Diaz Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Vedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suzana Margareth","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"M\u00e9garbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Molero Silvero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0701-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Argaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Sanchez Iniesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Labreuche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Rouz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Nseir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000158"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00326-4"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R32","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13725","article-title":"Incidence and diagnosis of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) in the intensive care unit: an international online survey","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4283-x","article-title":"Is there a continuum between ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia?","volume":"42","author":"Nseir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00012902"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671274"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.12.012"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70081-1"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.9","first-page":"39","article-title":"Accuracy of leptin serum level in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a case-control study","volume":"80","author":"Parmentier-Decrucq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201105-0867OC"},{"key":"2024102100202982000_51.3.1701656.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2316OC","article-title":"Determining the ideal strategy for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. 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