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It shows how residual structural lung damage (bronchiectasis, cavitation, residual fibrotic lesions) and persistent immune dysregulation create niches for pathogens, most notably\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex and herpes zoster virus. Although bacterial infections in post-TB bronchiectasis are the most consistently documented, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and NTM disease add substantial morbidity. Viral complications beyond herpes zoster and influenza remain poorly characterised, underscoring a critical evidence gap. In extrapulmonary TB survivors, organ-specific sequelae pose additional infection risks that are rarely quantified. Across all categories, inconsistent case definitions, under-utilisation of the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases coding, and lack of prospective cohorts have obscured the true burden of post-TB infections. The review concludes by calling for standardised diagnostic criteria, enhanced epidemiological tracking, and integrated post-treatment care pathways including preventive vaccinations to mitigate long-term health consequences in this vulnerable population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0055-2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:50:15Z","timestamp":1769525415000},"page":"250055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Secondary infections following tuberculosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical 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